RISC-V

 RISC-V
(pronounced "risk-five"[1])
an open standard instruction set architecture (ISA) based on established reduced instruction set computer (RISC) principles.

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
instruction set architecture (ISA) - is a set of instruction that exist between the software (the program [application - apps] -- like a game, a web browser, a communication program) and the hardware (like the computing gaming machine, the phone computer, the laptop computer);  the instruction set is invisible from the end-users perspective.  

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles
reduced instruction set computer (RISC) principles - is a design principles where rather than having a highly specialized set of complex computer instruction (CISC - complex instruction set computer principles), the design principles favor a reduced set of small, highly optimized set of instructions.  

RISC-V ISA [instruction set] is provided under open source licenses that do not require fees to use.
A number of companies are offering or have announced RISC-V hardware, open source operating systems with RISC-V support are available and the instruction set is supported in several popular software toolchains.

RISC-V was started with a goal to make a practical ISA [instruction set] that was open-sourced, usable academically, and deployable in any hardware or software design without royalties.[1][9] Also, justifying rationales for each design decision of the project are explained, at least in broad terms. The RISC-V authors are academics that have substantial experience in computer design, and the RISC-V ISA is a direct development from a series of academic computer-design projects. It was originated in part to aid such projects.[1][9]

In order to build a large, continuing community of users and therefore accumulate designs and software, the RISC-V ISA designers intentionally support a wide variety of practical use cases: compact, performance, and low-power real-world implementations[1][10] without over-architecting for a particular microarchitecture.[1][11][12][13] The requirements of a large base of contributors is part of the reason why RISC-V was engineered to address many possible uses.

The designers primary assertion is that the instruction set is the key interface in a computer as it is situated at the interface between the hardware and the software. If a good instruction set were open and available for use by all, then it can dramatically reduce the cost of software by enabling far more reuse. It should also trigger increased competition among hardware providers, who can then devote more resources toward design and less for software support.[9]

The designers maintain that new principles are becoming rare in instruction set design, as the most successful designs of the last forty years have grown increasingly similar. Of those that failed, most did so because their sponsoring companies were financially unsuccessful, not because the instruction sets were technically poor. Thus, a well-designed open instruction set designed using well-established principles should attract long-term support by many vendors.[9]

RISC-V also encourages academic usage. The simplicity of the integer subset permits basic student exercises, and is a simple enough ISA to enable software to control research machines. The variable-length ISA provides extensions for both student exercises and research,[1] and the separated privileged instruction set permits research in operating system support without redesigning compilers.[14] RISC-V's open intellectual property paradigm allows derivative designs to be published, reused, and modified.[1]

source:
       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age of algorithm (ऐलगोरिद्‌म)(演算法)(算法)(アルゴリズム)(алгоритм)

 
 5 September 2017  (2021 • 3 years ago)

274-the-age-of-the-algorithm

https://soundcloud.com/roman-mars/274-the-age-of-the-algorithm

23:15

Computer algorithms now shape our world in profound and mostly invisible ways. They predict if we’ll be valuable customers and whether we’re likely to repay a loan. They filter what we see on social media, sort through resumes, and evaluate job performance. They inform prison sentences and monitor our health. Most of these algorithms have been created with good intentions. The goal is to replace subjective judgments with objective measurements. But it doesn’t always work out like that.

Cathy O’Neil, author of the book Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy, 2016.

“I don’t think mathematical models are inherently evil — I think it’s the way they’re used that are evil,” says mathematician Cathy O’Neil, author of the book Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. She has studied number theory, worked as a data scientist at start-ups, and built predictive algorithms for various private enterprises. Through her work, she’s become critical about the influence of poorly-designed algorithms.

# public radio
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" . . many systems in society are basically poorly designed algorithms . . ."
                                                 ~ Bill Gates

“There’s certainly a level of complex, symbolic thinking that is valuable to be exposed to. Personally, I might put statistics in instead of geometry. I’d put statistics in before calculus,”
“I do find that people who have computer science backgrounds, when given a problem from another domain, the idea that they take the system and they look at the size of various elements, they look at the rate-limiting steps for various elements, and they can say, ‘OK, we need to optimize here,’ that type of thinking is like—uh, yeah,” Gates said. “And what other domain gives you that type of systems thinking? Maybe some parts of science and engineering, but the basic notion of what’s an algorithm, and that many systems in society are basically poorly designed algorithms, I think that’s very worthwhile.”

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

Algorithm - the general meaning - is a method for solving a class of number problems toward a goal.  Algorithm is directly linked with Hindu-Arabic numbering system, math (mathematic, arithmetic) and, has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological and social aspects.

As an example, the algorithm (recipe, instruction, method) for cooking, and/or  preparing a food dish, a drink, soup, or vegetable salad.  As an other example, the method (algorithm) children are taught to count from one to five would be to use the fingers attached to your hand, first with your hand close, and then as you count: one, you would open your thumb; two, you would open the index finger; three, you would open the middle finger; four, you would open the ring finger; five, you would open the pinky.  As most children have a hand and five fingers, this would be a method (algorithm) that should work for most children. 
 
In the learning, the studying, the doing, the work, the research, and the development of mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an ordered list of implementable instructions, to solve a category of problems or to perform a math (arithmetic) operation.  Generally, Algorithms are unambiguous and are used as a detail step-by-step instruction to be followed exactly without deviation or mistake for performing calculations, data processing, automated reasoning, and other tasks.  Should there be a high-rate of failure in the algorithm (instruction) execution, then the algorithm (instruction) should be re-examined and work on.  For example, putting in error checking, and, error correction steps along the different elements of the algorithmic instruction.  

The word 'algorithm' has its roots in Latinizing the nisba, indicating his geographic origin, of the name of Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi to algorismus.[17][18] Al-Khwārizmī (Arabized Persian الخوارزمی c. 780–850) was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad,[11] whose name means 'the native of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran and is now in Uzbekistan.[19][20] About 825, al-Khwarizmi wrote an Arabic language treatise on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which was translated into Latin during the 12th century. The manuscript starts with the phrase Dixit Algorizmi ('Thus spake Al-Khwarizmi'), where "Algorizmi" was the translator's Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name.[21] Al-Khwarizmi was the most widely read mathematician in Europe in the late Middle Ages, primarily through another of his books, the Algebra.[22] In late medieval Latin, algorismus, English 'algorism', the corruption of his name, simply meant the "decimal number system".[23] In the 15th century, under the influence of the Greek word ἀριθμός (arithmos), 'number' (cf. 'arithmetic'), the Latin word was altered to algorithmus, and the corresponding English term 'algorithm' is first attested in the 17th century; the modern sense was introduced in the 19th century.[24]

In English, it was first used in about 1230 and then by Chaucer in 1391. English adopted the French term, but it wasn't until the late 19th century that "algorithm" took on the meaning that it has in modern English.[25]


source:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Math_Destruction

Weapons of Math Destruction is a 2016 American book about the societal impact of algorithms, written by Cathy O'Neil. It explores how some big data algorithms are increasingly used in ways that reinforce preexisting inequality. It was longlisted for the 2016 National Book Award for Nonfiction,[1][2][3] has been widely reviewed,[4] and won the Euler Book Prize.

 how the use of big data and algorithms in a variety of fields, including insurance, advertising, education, and policing, can lead to decisions that harm the poor, reinforce racism, and amplify inequality.

She [Cathy O'Neil] posits that these problematic mathematical tools share three key features: they are opaque, unregulated, and difficult to contest. They are also scalable, thereby amplifying any inherent biases to affect increasingly larger populations.

In 2019, the book won the Euler Book Prize of the Mathematical Association of America.[7]


source:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Math_Destruction
 ►      https://www.c-span.org/video/?414440-1/cathy-oneil-discusses-weapons-math-destruction
 ►      https://duckduckgo.com/?q=youtube+weapon+of+math+destruction
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James Gleick., The information : a history, a theory, a flood, 2011

p.84
This invention was itself a species of number, given the name logarithm.
It was number as tool.
p.84
Henry Briggs explained:

Logarithmes are Numbers invented for the more easie working of questions in Arithmetike and Geometrie.  The name is derived of Logos, which signifies Reason, and Arithmos, signifying Numbers.
By them all troublesome Multiplication and Divisions in Arithmetike are avoided, and performed onely by Addition in stead of Multiplication, and by Subtraction in stead of Division.

p.85
new book
The author was a wealthy Scotsman, John Napier
John Napier (or Napper, Nepair, Naper, of Neper), the eighth laird of Merchiston castle,
p.86
a useful table of logarithms
p.87
Knowledge has a value and a discovery cost, each to be counted and weighed.
p.87
table of logarithms
  Even this exciting discovery took several years to travel as far as Johannes Kepler, who employed it in perfecting his celestial tables in 1627, based on the laboriously acquired data of Tycho Brahe.

James Gleick., The information : a history, a theory, a flood, 2011
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James Gleick., The information : a history, a theory, a flood, 2011

p.89
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Fundamentally, there was only one calculus.  Newton and Leibniz knew how similar their work was──enough that each accused the other of plagiarism.  But they had devised incompatible systems of notation ── different languages ── an in practice these surface differences mattered more than the underlying sameness.
p.89
Symbols and operators were what a mathematician had to work with, after all.

pp.90-91
Never mind if it seemed French.
He declared, “We have now to re-import the exotic, with nearly a century of foreign improvement, and to render it once more indigenous among us.”

p.91
Yet their evangelism worked:  the new methods spread from the bottom up, students learning faster than their teachers.

p.91
The dots of Newton faded from the scene, his fluxions replaced by the notation and language of Leibniz.

p.91
But the Analytical Society was serious.
Babbage and Herschel and Peacock, resolved to “do their best to leave the world a wiser place than they found it.”

James Gleick., The information : a history, a theory, a flood, 2011
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Kranzberg’s Six Laws of Technology, a Metaphor, and a Story
August 25, 2011 ~ L. M. Sacasas   


In 1985, he [Melvin Kranzberg] delivered the presidential address at the annual meeting of the Society for the History of Technology in which he explained what had already come to be known as Kranzberg’s Laws — “a series of truisms,” according to Kranzberg, “deriving from a longtime immersion in the study of the development of technology and its interactions with sociocultural change.”


First Law: “Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.” By which he means that,

    “technology’s interaction with the social ecology is such that technical developments frequently have environmental, social, and human consequences that go far beyond the immediate purposes of the technical devices and practices themselves, and the same technology can have quite different results when introduced into different contexts or under different circumstances.”


Second Law: Invention is the mother of necessity. “Every technical innovation seems to require additional technical advances in order to make it fully effective.”

Third Law:  Technology comes in packages, big and small. “The fact is that today’s complex mechanisms usually involve several processes and components.”

Fourth Law: Although technology might be a prime element in many public issues, nontechnical factors take precedence in technology-policy decisions. “… many complicated sociocultural factors, especially human elements, are involved, even in what might seem to be ‘purely technical’ decisions.” “Technologically ‘sweet’ solutions do not always triumph over political and social forces.”

Fifth Law: All history is relevant, but the history of technology is the most relevant. “Although historians might write loftily of the importance of historical understanding by civilized people and citizens, many of today’s students simply do not see the relevance of history to the present or to their future. I suggest that this is because most history, as it is currently taught, ignores the technological element.”

Sixth Law:  Technology is a very human activity-and so is the history of technology. “Behind every machine, I see a face–indeed, many faces: the engineer, the worker, the businessman or businesswoman, and, sometimes, the general and admiral. Furthermore, the function of the technology is its use by human beings–and sometimes, alas, its abuse and misuse.”


A story recounted by Kranzberg to good effect:

    A lady came up to the great violinist Fritz Kreisler after a concert and gushed, “Maestro, your violin makes such beautiful music.” Kreisler held his violin up to his ear and said, “I don’t hear any music coming out of it.” You see, the instrument, the hardware, the violin itself, was of no use without the human element. But then again, without the instrument, Kreisler would not have been able to make music.


source:
 ►      https://thefrailestthing.com/2011/08/25/kranzbergs-six-laws-of-technology-a-metaphor-and-a-story/
 ►      https://ecologise.in/2018/02/25/melvin-kranzbergs-six-laws-technology-metaphor-story/
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Kranzberg's laws of technology

Melvin Kranzberg's six laws of technology[4] state:

 1. Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.
 2. Invention is the mother of necessity
 3. Technology comes in packages, big and small.
 4. Although technology might be a prime element in many public issues, nontechnical factors take precedence in technology-policy decisions.
 5. All history is relevant, but the history of technology is the most relevant.
 6. Technology is a very human activity – and so is the history of technology.[5]

Melvin Kranzberg's six laws of [algorithm][4] state:

 1. [Algorithm] is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.
 2. Invention is the mother of necessity
 3. [Algorithm] comes in packages, big and small.
 4. Although [algorithm] might be a prime element in many public issues, nontechnical factors take precedence in [algorithmic]-policy decisions.
 5. All history is relevant, but the history of [algorithm] is the most relevant.
 6. [Algorithm] is a very human activity – and so is the history of [algorithm].[5]


source:
 ►      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Kranzberg
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1:25:12
College Lecture Series - Neil Postman - "The Surrender of Culture to Technology"
https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=173
https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=173

College of DuPage
Published on Jun 3, 2013
A lecture delivered by Neil Postman on Mar. 11, 1997 in the Arts Center. Based on the author's book of the same title. Neil Postman notes the dependence of Americans on technological advances for their own security. Americans have come to expect technological innovations to solve the larger problems of mankind. Technology itself has become a national "religion" which people take on faith as the solution to their problems.

// ctrl-H
// technology => [algorithm]
 
7 questions
 1. what is the problem to which this [algorithm] is a solution?
 2. whose problem is it?
 3. suppose we solve this problem, and solve it decisively, what new problems might be created because we have solved the problem?
 4. which people and what institutions might be most seriously harmed by a technological solution
 5. what changes in language are being enforced by new technologies?
    what is being gained and what is being lost by such changes?
 6. what sort of people and institution acquire special economic and political power, because of technological change?
    this question needs to be asked, because the transformation of a [algorithm] into medium always results in a realignment of economic and political power.
 7. what alternative uses might be made of an [algorithm] the one proceeds here by assuming that any medium we have created is not necessarily the only one we might make of a particular [algorithm]

 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=1035
 1. what is the problem to which this [algorithm] is a solution?
    now this question needs to be asked, because there are technologies that are not solution to any problem that a normal person would regard as significant

 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=1440
 2. whose problem is it?
    but this question, whose problem is it, needs to be applied to any technologies. most technologies do solve some problem, but the problem may not be everybody's problem  or even most people's problem.  we need to be very careful in determining who will benefit from a [algorithm], and who will pay for it.  they are not always the same people. 

 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=1521
 3. suppose we solve this problem, and solve it decisively, what new problems might be created because we have solved the problem?
    the automobile solves some very important problems for most people

 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=1740
 4. which people and what institutions might be most seriously harmed by a technological solution
 
 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=2259
 5. what changes in language are being enforced by new technologies?
    what is being gained and what is being lost by such changes?

 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=2746
 6. what sort of people and institution acquire special economic and political power, because of technological change?
    this question needs to be asked, because the transformation of an [algorithm] into medium always results in a realignment of economic and political power.
 
 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=2925
 7. what alternative uses might be made of a [algorithm] the one proceeds here by assuming that any medium we have created is not necessarily the only one we might make of a particular [algorithm]

 https://youtu.be/hlrv7DIHllE?t=3037
 1. what is the problem to which a [algorithm] claims to be the solution
 2. whose problem is it
 3. what new problems will be created because of solving an old one
 4. which people in institutions will be most harmed
 5. what changes in language are being promoted
 6. what shifts in economic and political power are likely to result
 7. what alternative media might be made from a [algorithm]

automobile, television, computer, [algorithm]
the same blindness, no one is asking anything worth asking 
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Brooks, Frederick P., Jr. (Frederick Phillips)
The mythical man-month : essays on software engineering / Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. -- Anniversary ed.
includes biliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-83595-9
1. Software engineering

© 1985

representation (mmm)
pp.102-103
Representation Is the Essence of Programming.
 . . . Sometimes strategic breakthrough will be a new algorithm, such as the Cooley-Tukey Fast Fourier Transform or the substitution of  n log n  sort for an  n^2  set of comparisons.
     Much more often, strategic breakthrough will come from redoing the representation of the data or tables. This is where the heart of the program lies. Show me your flowcharts and conceal your tables, and I shall continue to be mystified. Show me your tables, and I won't usually need your flowcharts; they'll obvious.
     It is easy to multiply examples of the power of representations. I recall a young man undertaking to build an elaborate console interpreter for an IBM 650. He ended up packing it onto an incredible small amount of space by building an interpreter for the interpreter, recognizing that human interactions are slow and infrequent, but space was dear. Digitek's elegant little Fortran compiler uses a very dense, specialized representation for the compiler code itself, so that external storage is not needed. That time lost in decoding this representation is gained back tenfold by avoiding input-output. (The exercises at the end of Chapter 6 in Brooks and Iverson, Automatic Data Processing [1] include a collection of such examples, as do many of Knuth's exercises.[2])
     The programmer at wit's end for lack of space can often do best by disentengling himself from his code, rearing back, and contemplating his data. Representation is the essence of programming.

   (The mythical man-month : essays on software engineering, Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. -- Anniversary ed., © 1985, Software engineering, pp.102-103 )
   ____________________________________

p.182
     The essence of a software entity is a construct of interlocking concepts: data sets, relationships among data items, algorithms, and invocation of functions. This essence is abstract, in that the conceptual construct is the same under many different representations. It is nonetheless highly precise and richly detailed.
     I believe the hard part of building software to be the specification, design, and testing of this conceptual construct, not the labor of representing it and testing the fidelity of the representation. We still make syntax errors, to be sure; but they are fuzz compared to the conceptual errors in most systems.

   (The mythical man-month : essays on software engineering, Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. -- Anniversary ed., © 1985, Software engineering, p.182)
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A View of the Parallel Computing Landscape

Krste Asanovic, Rastislav Bodík, James Demmel, Tony Keaveny, Kurt Keutzer,
John Kubiatowicz, Nelson Morgan, David Patterson, Koushik Sen,
John Wawrzynek, David Wessel, and Katherine Yelick

© 2010 Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Reprinted by permission. This work originally appeared as “A view of the parallel computing landscape” by Krste Asanovic, Rastislav Bodík, James Demmel, Tony Keaveny, Kurt Keutzer, John Kubiatowicz, Nelson Morgan, David Patterson, Koushik Sen, John Wawrzynek, David Wessel, and Katherine Yelick in the Communications of the ACM, Volume 52, Issue 10, pages 56-67, October 2009.

The best-designed network processor is arguably the Cisco Silicon Packet Processor, also known as Metro, which has 188 five-stage RISC cores, plus four spares to help yield, and dissipates just 35 Watts.

One notable challenge for the hardware tower is that it takes four to five years [4 to 5 years] to design and build chips and to port software to evaluate them. Given this lengthy cycle, how can researchers innovate more quickly? 

    ... ... ...

    A second challenge is that two critical pieces of system software—compilers and operating systems—have grown large and unwieldy and hence resistant to change. One estimate is that it takes a decade [10-years] for a new compiler optimization to become part of production compilers. How can researchers innovate rapidly if compilers and operating systems evolve glacially?

    ... ... ...

    Convention holds that truly useful patterns are not invented but mined from successful software applications.

    ... ... ...
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“A Design Pattern Language for Engineering (Parallel) Software”
Kurt Keutzer and Tim Mattson

© 2010 Intel corporation. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission. This work originally appeared as “A Design Pattern Language for Engineering (Parallel) Software” by Kurt Keutzer and Tim Mattson, in the Intel Technology Journal 13 (2010): 4.

OPL (Our Pattern Language)
Figure 1: the structure of OPL and the 5 categories of design patterns

  Applications
 
    Structural patterns
      pipe-and-filter
      agent-and-repository
      process-control
      event-based/ implicit-invocation
      arbitrary-static-task-graph
      model-view-controller
      iterative-refinement
      map-reduce
      layered-systems
      puppeteer

    Computational patterns
      graph-algorthms
      dynamic-programming
      dense-linear-algebra
      sparse-linear-algebra
      unstructured-grids
      structured-grids
      graphical-models
      finite-state-machines
      backtrack-branch-and-bound
      N-body-methods
      circuits
      spectral-methods
      monte-carlo

    Parallel algorithm strategy patterns
      task-parallelism
      divide and conquer
      data-parallelism
      pipeline
      discrete-event
      geometric-decomposition
      speculation
     
  Implementation strategy patterns
                 program structure
     SPMD
     fork/join
     kernel-par.
     loop-par.
     vector-par.

     actors
     work-pile 

  Implementation strategy patterns 

                 data structure
     shared-queue
     shared-map
     shared-data
     partitioned-array
     partitioned-graph

    Parallel execution patterns
      coordinating processes
      stream processing
      shared address space threads
      task driven execution
   ____________________________________

pp.61—62
the trap of mind-set

In problem solving, search patterns of even the most intelligent people can be bound by prior experience and successes.3  In fact, people fall into habits of thought precluding innovative problem solving with amazing ease and speed——even for the most minor of tasks.  In experiments conducted a generation ago, researchers discovered what they dubbed "functional fixedness"——i.e., the tendency for people to be quite fixed in their perception of how objects could be used once that use was suggested.  For example, two groups of people were given identical supplies (a stack of papers, a stapler, and a paper clip) and a simple task——to fasten the papers to each other and to the wall.  The experimental group's papers were fastened together with the clip, whereas the control group received its clip in an envelope.  This seemingly small difference created a mind-set among the members of the experimental group: they were significantly slower to think of unbending the paper clip into a wire hook to fasten the papers to the wall.4  A number of researchers replicated this experiment in various ways, demonstrating that even slight prior experience with an object negatively affected people's ability to think creatively about it use.5  As one pair of early researchers concluded, "[F]unctional fixedness . . . interferes with problem solving."6
    The phenomenon underlying the development of such mind-sets as functional fixedness seems to be the brain's natural tendency to store, process, and retrieve information in related blocks.  Without some way of bundling information for parsimonious handling, we could not manage its continual flow from the environment.  These blocks constitute mental models, or schema, against which we calibrate information and that we use to solve problems.7  Mind-sets, therefore, are higly useful in routine activities.  In fact, if the technique toward which prior experience biases us provides the best solution to a particular problem, applying that solution is both efficient and effective.8  In an organization, when such techniques are reinforced over time by success, the patterns of thought fall into well-worn grooves 9 and become part of a business capability.  The problem is that, as we have already seen, the limited range of problem-solving responses developed can become dysfunctional and contribute to core rigidities.10

    (Leonard-Barton, Dorothy, copyright © 1995, HD30.2.L46 1995, 658.4'038——dc20)
(Wellsprings of Knowledge : building and sustaining the sources of innovation / Dorothy Leonard-Barton, 1. information technology——management, 2. information resources management, 3. management information systems, )
(pp.61—62)
   ____________________________________

Edward de Bono, Lateral Thinking: a textbook of creativity, 1970, 1977, 1990
pp.41-42
Problem solving

A problem does not have to be presented in a formal manner nor is it a matter for pencil and paper working out.  A problem is simply the difference between what one has and what one wants.  It may be a matter of avoiding something, of getting something, of getting rid of something, of getting to know what one wants.

   There are three-types of problem:
    • The first type of problem requires for its solution more information or better techniques for handling information.
    • The second type of problem requires no new information but a rearrangement of information already available:  an insight restructuring.
    • The third type of problem is the problem of no problem.  One is blocked by the adequacy of the present arrangement from moving to a much better one.  There is no point at which one can focus one's efforts to reach the better arrangement because one is not even aware that there is a better arrangement.  The problem is to realize that ‘there is a problem’ to realize that ‘things can be improved’ and to define ‘this realization as a problem’.

   (Edward de Bono, Lateral Thinking: a textbook of creativity, 1970, 1977, 1990, )

        goal as to “not merely show a man how to better gain his goals. It also estimates for him what [are] his goals really - something he may not be aware of at all.” (Churchman 1961, p.207)
   ____________________________________

Antony C. Sutton and Viktor Suvorov on Technology Transfer from the West to the Soviet Union
by Peter Myers

Date October 14, 2003; update July 8, 2019.

     ••••   •••   ••••

As a further indicator of Soviet technical backwardness, it may be noted that some Western firms selling to the Soviet Union have found "so many gaps in the control schemes proposed" that a two-phase quotation format has been adopted: first a feasibility study is conducted (for which the Western company is paid), and then the actual quotation is determined for a complete system based on the feasibility study. In other words, technical inadequacy is such that the Soviets have not been able to specify exactly what is wanted. What this reflects is not a lack of scientific skill; it shows a lack of information on the technical constituents of a modern industrial system. 

     ••••   •••   ••••

I am saying that Sutton is historically accurate, in documenting Soviet adopting of Western technology, but wrong in his conclusion - which is really his starting-point, his ideological assumption - that the state should stay out of the economy.

I added those remarks as an outcome of discussions with Phil Eversoul, who was using Sutton to buttress his "Austrian school" laissez-faire economic philosophy.

The demise of Russia & associated states since the fall of the USSR is evidence of this. The rise of Japan, and of China - now following the Japan model - is another.

The Soviets did obtain Western technology, but one must not draw the wrong conclusions from this. Many countries copy each other's technology. Japan, too, in the early days of its postwar miracle, cloned many Western industrial products. Japan has been reluctant about supplying high-tech products to China, because it knows that China (of similar mind to itself) will clone them too.

Further, the Cold War was an unequal struggle, in technological terms. The Soviet block was competing versus the US, Japan, West Germany, France, and Britain, all leading industrial countries.

The Soviets did have their own triumphs - eg the Sputnik, putting Gagarin in orbit, and their space program.

source:
        http://mailstar.net/sutton.html
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Evelyn Fox Keller, A feeling for the organism : the life and work of Barbara McClintock, 1983

p.59
  According to Creighton, Morgan later confessed that he had known about Stern's work a the time.  But, as he explained (about a year after his intervention), he was also aware of the fact that, even though Creighton and McClintock had begun the summer before, it would have been a simple matter for Stern to overtake them.  With Drosophila [fruit flies], one need not wait for entire growing season to learn the results of genetic crosses; one can get a new generation every ten days.  Creighton recalls Morgan's saying, “I thought it was about time that corn got a chance to beat Drosophila!”

pp.59-60
6th International Congress of Genetics convened in Ithaca, New York.
836 members from thirty-six countries,
The meeting open on August 24, 1932, with 536 geneticists registered (many of the European delegates had been unable to attend).

p.60
By way of summary, he concluded with a list of the five most important problems for geneticists in the immediate future.  First was an understanding of “the physical and physiological processes involved in the growth of genes and their duplication”; second, “an interpretation in physical terms of the changes that take place during and after the conjugation of the chromosomes”; third, “the relation of genes to characters”; fourth, “the nature of the mutation process”; fifth, “the application of genetics to horticulture and to animal husbandry.”9

  (A feeling for the organism : the life and work of Barbara McClintock./ Evelyn Fox Keller., 1. McClintock, Barbara, 1902- ., 2. geneticists──united states──biography., QH439.2.M38K44 1983, 575.1'092'4, 10th anniversary edition, 1983, )
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Taiichi Ohno, Taiichi Ohno's workplace management, 2013                     [ ]
              English translation by Jon Miller

pp.175―178
SELECTED SAYINGS OF TAIICHI OHNO

On Understanding the Numbers
    People who can't understand numbers are useless.  The gemba where numbers are not visible is also bad.  However, people who only look at the numbers are the worst of all.

  p.178
On Taking His Advice
    You are fool if you do just as I say.  You are a greater fool if you don't do as I say.  You should think for yourself and come up with better ideas than mine.

    ( Taiichi Ohno's workplace management: special 100th birthday edition, English translation by Jon Miller, copyright © 2013 by the macgraw-hill companies, inc., pp.175―178 )
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Nathan Rosenberg, Inside the black box: technology and economics, 1982

p.246
The industrial revolution, beginning in Great Britain in the last third of the 18th century, had at its center a rapidly expanding armamentarium of new technologies involving new power sources, new techniques of metallury and machine making, a new modes of transportation.  These new technologies, when successfully organized and administered, brought immense improvements in the productivity that transformed the lives of all participants.

p.246
The separate innovations - in metallury, power generation, and transportation - were, in significant ways, interrelated and mutually reinforcing.  Often, one innovation could not be extensively exploited in the absence of others or the introduction of one innovation made others more effective.  Metallurgical improvements, for example, were absolutely indispensable to the construction of more efficient steam engines.  The steam engine, in turn, was utilized for introducting a hot blast of air into the blast furnace.  The hot blast, by improving the efficiency of the combustion process, lowered fuel requirements and thereby reduced th price of iron.  Thus, cheaper metal meant cheaper power, and cheaper power was translated into even cheaper metal.  Similarly, the availability of cheap iron was essential to the construction of railroads.  Once in place, however, the railroads reduced the considerable cost of transporting coal and iron ore to a single location.  In this fashion, railroads reduced the cost of making iron.  But cheaper iron, in turn, meant cheaper rails; this involved a further lowering of transportation costs, which again decreased the cost of producing iron.  Thus, part of the secret of the vast productivity improvements associated with the new industrial technology was the the separate innovations were often interrelated and mutually reinforcing.
  Although this transformation, which we call the industrial revolution, began in Britian, there was never any doubt that such new technologies would spread and be adopted elsewhere when the circumstances and surrounding condition permitted (or were created).

p.126
In addition, the behavior of metals after prolonged use or with aging is still very difficult to analyze.  Metal fatigue remains a nemesis in the design and construction of aircraft.  Simulation methods for studying aging, methods that, for example, are supposed to accelerate the aging process of certain alloys, have not proven to be a reliable guide in the recent past.9

p.126
9  “Steiner pointed out that ‘accelerated aging’ tests have not proved accurate in the past.  He cited the case of certain alloys that ‘aged in a most peculiar manner’ a few years ago.  In five to ten years, these alloys ─ utilized on the Boeing 707 and other transports ─ developed inter-granular corrosion, requiring expensive inspection procedures and replacement.”  “Greater Government R&D Urged to Spur Advances”, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 12 September 1977, p. 35.  Steiner was a Boeing vice-president in charge of production evaluation at the time.

p.126
The performance of new engines remains notoriously uncertain in the development process; problems much be dealt with essentially by trial and error.  Thus, onemust not exaggerate the extent to which, even today, the design of aircraft can draw upon precise scientific methodology.10  Much of the essential knowledge in th aircraft design and construction can still be derived only from in-flight learning.11

  (Inside the black box./ Nathan Rosenberg, 1. technological innovations., 2. technology─social aspects., HC79.T4R673   1982, 338'.06, first published 1982, )
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[SAIF 2019] day 1: towards compositional understanding of the world by deep learning - Yoshua Bengio
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeLFrvC03AQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeLFrvC03AQ
samsung
Feb 5, 2020
47:50
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Braudel
The Perspective of the World
Civilization & Capitalism
   15th - 18th Century
        Volume 3

translation from the French
by Siân Reynolds

  pp.86-87
Without perhaps making it sufficiently clear, I have consistently been stressing progress or decline at the highest level of social life: in culture (the culture of the elite), social order (that of the most privileged at the top of the pyramid), the state (at government level), and economic production (in the sector of circulation and exchange, which in fact means only a part of production, that of the most developed areas). Like all historians and without meaning to, I have automatically been neglecting the lot of the great mass of mankind, and the huge majority of the living beings. What happened in the broad terms to these masses during the ebbs and flow of the secular trend?
   Paradoxically, things were worse for them when all the indicators of the economy were set fair, when increased production was making its effects felt, increasing the number of people, but laying a heavier burden on the various worlds of action and labour. A gap open up, as Earl J. Hamilton141 has shown, between prices and wages - which lagged behind.


p.32
When Amsterdam replaced Antwerp, when London took over from Amsterdam, or when in about 1929, New York overtook London, it always meant a massive historical shift of forces, revealing the precariousness of the previous equilibrium and the strengths of the one which was replacing it.

p.32
   When in 1421 the Ming rulers of China changed their capital city - leaving Nanking, and moving to Peking, in order to face the dangers of the Manchu and Mongol frontier - the massive world-economy of China swung round for good, turning its back on a form of economic activity based on ease of access to sea-borne trade. A new landlocked metropolis was now established deep in the interior and began to draw everything towards it. Whether conscious or unconscious, this choice was decisive. In the race for world dominion, this was the moment when China lost her position in a contest she had entered without fully realizing it, when she had launched the first maritime expeditions from Nanking in the early 15th century.

p.38
Any means that worked were used, in particular the granting of judicious credit: this was how the English gained supremacy over Portugal after Lord Methuen's treaty of 1703, and it was also the method by which the Americans drove the British out of South America after World War Two.

p.45
However plentiful the evidence of economic subordination, and whatever its consequences, it would be a mistake to imagine that the order of the world-economy governed the whole of society, determining the shape of other orders of society. For other orders existed. An economy never exists in isolation.

An [algorithm] never exists in isolation.

p.47
    Social forms too had their differential geography. How far for instance did slavery, serfdom or feudal society actually extend in area? Over distance, society could completely change. When Dupont de Nemours agreed to be tutor to the son of Prince Czartoryski, he discovered in Poland to his stupefaction what selfdom was like, and that there could be peasants who were ignorant of the state and knew only their overlord, or princes who remained like peasants in their everyday lives; Prince Radziwill, who 'ruled 'over a domain greater than Lorraine', slept on an earthen floor.70

p.61  War waged without mercy
War waged without mercy would only come with Frederick II of Prussia or with the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

p.61  English society
English society which visitors from continental Europe found as astonishing in the 18th century as non-British historians still do today (and I speak from experience) began to take shape after the Wars of the Roses, 300 years earlier. Slavery, which Europe re-created in colonial America, was only abolished in the United States in 1865, and in Brazil in 1888 - a mere century ago.

p.63
For there are no societies from which conflicting forces are absent. And there are no societies without some form of hierarchy, that is in general without the reduction of the masses which compose them to labour and obedience. Slavery, serfdom and wage labour are historically and socially different solutions to a universal problem, which remains fundamentally the same.

p.65
    This confirms me in an opinion which has gradually imposed itself on me: capitalism implies above all hierarchy, and it takes up a position at the top of the hierarchy, whether or not this was created by itself.

p.79
Similarly the Mexican silver mines, the hope and envy of Europe, were dealt a severe blow by the 1810 revolution and if they did not immediately begin producing again afterwards, the general conjuncture is partly to blame. Europe and the world ran short of silver. What was now happening was a shift in the economic order of the whole world from China to the Americas. England lay at the heart of this world, and suffered, despite her victory, taking many years to recover. But she succeeded in taking the leading position which no other country was able to wrest from her (Holland having long since disappeared over the horizon).

p.82
And how is one to explain other types of cycle, not only those of price history but those concerning industrial production (see Hoffman's curves) or the Brazilian gold cycle in the 18th century, or the 200-year Mexican silver cycle (1696-1900), or the fluctuations of the traffic in the port of Seville in the days when it commanded the entire economy of the Atlantic?

p.108
'Built in the sea and totally without vines and cultivated fields', was how the doge Giovanni Soranzo described his city in 1327.75  Is this an example of the town reduced to bare essentials, stripped of everything from trade: wheat or millet, rye, meat on the hoof, cheese, vegetables, wine, oil, timber, stone - and even drinking water? Venice's entire population lived outside the 'primary' sector, usually so well represented even inside pre-industrial cities. Venice's activities all fell into the sectors which economists would nowaday describe as secondary and tertiary: industry, commerce, services - sectors where labour was more profitably employed than in rural activities. This meant leaving the less profitable tasks to others, creating that imbalance which all great cities would experience: Florence, although rich in farmland, was importing grain from Sicily by the 14th and 15th centuries and planting her nearby hills with vines and olives; Amsterdam was by 17th century eating wheat and rye from the Baltic, meat from Denmark and herrings from the deep-sea catches off the Dogger Bank. But towns like Venice, Amalfi and Genoa - none of which had any real territory - were condemned to live like this from the start: they had no choice.


p.110
Christian states were settled in the Holy Land, opening a gateway to the East and its precious merchandise: pepper, spices, silk and drugs.86

p.110
But all the Italian cities benefited from the collapse of Byzantium; similarly they all benefited from the Mongol invasion which after about 1240 opened up for a century or so a continental route from the Black Sea to China and India, one that had the inestimable advantage of by-passing the Islamic barrier.88

p.110
The minting of gold currencies90 in Florence in 1250, in Genoa even earlier and in Venice in 1284, marked the achievement of Italian economic emancipation from the dinars of Islam: this was a sign of strength.

p.110
The coveted prize was access to the pepper and spices of the Levant, a privilege with consequences going far beyond the Mediterranean, ...

p.114
We know that on account of the role silver played in the Levant trade, the Italian cities were extremely interested in the German silver mines. And there was very soon a thriving network of money-changers throughout the towns of High Germany and the Rhineland, playing the same role as the merchant bankers of Bruges or Champange.114


p.126
The galere da mercato

Venice's communications with the Levant and Europe, even in her heyday, caused certain problems, in particular that of transport over the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic, since she redistributed precious goods to the whole of Europe. In prosperous times, communication took care of themselves. When the economic sky darkened, ways and means had to be devised.
    The system of the galere da mercato was one of these interventionist measures by the Venetian state, inspired by hard times. Invented in the 14th century to meet a persistent crisis, as a 'method of dumping' as Gino Luzzatto has described it, this system was a combination of state enterprise and private association, the latter being a kind of consortium of export merchants156 anxious to reduce their transport costs and to remain competitive (in practice unbeatable) as against foreign rivals. The Signoria itself, probably as early as 1314 and certainly by 1328, was having the Arsenal build the galere da mercato, merchant vessels (originally of 100 tons and later as much as 300) capable of carrying in their holds the equivalent of 50 cartloads of goods. On the way into or out of port, the galere used oars; the rest of the time they sailed like ordinary round ships. They were certainly not the largest merchantmen in their day, since the Genoese carracks of the 15th century reached and even exceed 1000 tons.157  but they were safe ships, which sailed in convoy and were defended by archers and slingsmen. Later they would have cannon hoisted aboard. Among the slingsmen (ballestieri) were a number of impoverished aristocrats to whom the Signoria thus offered a lifeline.
   The chartering of these state vessels was adjudicated by an annual auction. The patrician who was successful at the incanto could in turn collect charters from other merchants, the freight charges corresponding to the volume of goods loaded. Thus the 'private' sector was able to make use of facilities built by the 'public' sector. Whether the clients travelled by pooling their resources 'ad unum denarium', or whether they formed a company for the freighting and return of a single galley, the Signoria encouraged all such practices, which in theory offered equal opportunities to all participants. Similar 'pools' open to any merchant were commonly organized for the purchase of cotton in Syria or even pepper in Alexandria. On the other hand, the Venetian authorities stepped in to disband any cartel which appeared to be tending towards creating a monopoly for an exclusive group.


p.174
It was symptomatic that when Genoa lost control of the finances of Europe and ceased to be the centre of the world-economy, that centre should have shifted to Amsterdam, a city which had made its recent fortune - another sign of the times - out of commodity trading. Amsterdam would have its moment as a financial centre too, but only later; and curiously enough the problems raised by the Genoese experience would crop up here too.

p.175
    The emergence of Amsterdam, prolonging the old pattern, too place, logically enough, according to the old rules: the cities of Antwerp and Genoa were succeeded by another city, Amsterdam.

p.187
    Among the stream of refugees - French Protestants, Antwerpers, Jews from Spain and Portugal - were many merchants, often in possession of substantial capital. The Sephardic Jews59 in particular contributed to Holland's fortune. Werner Sombart60 claims that they brought with them to Amsterdam capitalism, no less, which is going rather too far. But they certainly gave the city valuable aid, in the sphere of currency exchange for instance and even more in stock exchange transactions. In these domains they were masters, indeed pioneers. They were also good advisers, and were instrumental in setting up commercial links between Holland and the New World and the Mediterranean.61  A 17th-century English pamphleteer even suspected that the merchants of Amsterdam had lured them to the city out of commercial interest, 'the Jews and other foreigners having opened their own world-wide commerce to them'.62  It would perhaps be nearer to the truth to say that the Jews, being experienced businessmen, naturally gravitated towards prosperous economies. Their arrival in a country generally meant that business was good there or improving. If they withdrew, it did not always mean that business was bad, but it was probably not so good. Did the Jews begin to leave Amsterdam in about 1653?63  30 years later, at any rate, they followed William of Orange to England. Does this mean that, appearances to the contrary, Amsterdam was actually less prosperous then than during the first decades of the century?
    The Jews were in any case not the only people who 'made' Amsterdam what it was.

p.188
But it was the rise of Holland in the first place which had created the original demand and provided the conditions for success.


p.205
During the War of the Spanish Succession, payments to the French troops fighting in Italy were made through Amsterdam, to the infuriation of the English who were allied to the Dutch against France. In short, for the Dutch, commerce was king, and in Holland commercial interests effectively replaced raison d'état: 'Commerce desires to be free', wrote Pieter de la Court in 1662.146

p.218
'No lover is as jealous of his mistress', wrote a Frenchman in 1697,222 'as the Dutch are of their trade in spices.'

p.221
In Asia, the spice monopoly, authoritarian price control, and supervision of the quantities marketed (with excess goods being destroyed if necessary)230 had for many years given the Dutch the advantage over their European rivals.


p.552
   But why did this happen to England, when all the major innovations of the period - I am thinking for example of the blast furnaces, the various apparatus used for underground mining: tunnels, ventilation systems, pumps and winding gear - were all borrowing, demonstrated to the English by German miners hired for the purpose? Why England, when it was the craftsmen and workers of more technically advanced countries - Germany, the Netherlands, but also Italy (for glass) and France (wool and silk textiles) - who contributed the necessary techniques and skills for the establishment of a series of industries quite new to Britain - paper-mills, powder-mills, glass, mirrors, cannon-founding, alum and copperas (green vitriol), sugar refining, saltpetre, and so on?

p.566
Technology: a necessary but probably not sufficient condition

If there is one factor which has lost ground as a key explaination of the industrial revolution, it is technology. Marx believed it was crucial; recent historiography has put forward some solid argument against seeing it as a primum mobile or even a pump-primer, to use Paul Bairoch's expression. And yet inventions often occur before industrial capacity - but for that very reason they may often occur in a vacuum. The efficient application of technology lags, by definition, behind the general movement of the economy; it has to wait to be called on, sometimes several times, to meet a precise and persistent demand.

p.567
The handloom was not in the end displaced until after the Napoleonic Wars and then only slowly, despite the technical improvement introduced by the Roberts power-looms in about 1825. The reason was that until about 1840 it was neither essential nor indeed advantageous (given the sharp drop in weavers' wages resulting from competition from machines and the unemployed) to replace it with the power-loom.96
   Paul Bairoch is therefore right when he says: 'During the first decades of the industrial revolution, technology was to a much greater extent a factor governed by the economy than one governing the economy'. Innovations were quite clearly dependent on the state of the market: they were introduced only when they met persistent demand from consumers.


p.570
Watt himself was unable to construct an airtight cylinder in the Carron works in Scotland. Eventually it was Wilkinson who solved this problem, thanks to a boring-machine of his own invention.108

p.570
In 1769, John Smeaton had built the first hydraulic wheel with a cast-iron axle for the Carron ironworks. It was a failure; the porous cast-iron did not stand up to sub-zero temperatures. The wide diameter wheels which had gone into operation on London Bridge the year before, 1768, were still made of wood - but in 1817, they were replaced by iron wheels.110


p.593
The power-loom, driven by steam, was not operational until the 1820s or so.

p.595
    Shortly before this, another far more disastrous process of disruption had begun with the coming of the power-loom. This time it was the handloom weavers who were doomed to disappear. The power-loom, 'with which a child can produce as much as two or three men',198 was truly a social catastrophe, on top of so many others. Thousands of weavers were thrown on to the streets. Wages collapsed so drastically that the starvation rates at which labour could be bought kept some wretched handloom weavers in work longer than would rationally have been expected.

p.595
Living in towns, deprived of the traditional resources of kitchen garden, cow, and farmyard fowls, working in great factories under the stern gaze of the overseers, being forced to obey, ... . It meant changing a whole way of life and view of the world, to the point of alienation from one's own existence. It meant changing diet - eating poor food and less of it.

p.596
Never before had social discontent in England been so severe as in the years 1815-45 which saw the rise in turn of Luddite machine-breakers, of political radicals, who would have liked to break down the structures of society, of trade unionism and of Utopian socialism.203


p.613
England, like France, was paying the price for the fantastic efforts and money expended on the American war.

p.613
   As a rule the result of an abnormally long depression acts as a severe test of business concerns, in which those which adapt and stand up to attack will survive, while those too weak to survive go to the wall. It was England's good fortune to have entered these rough waters just as the 'second generation' of invention was coming into being: the spinning jenny (1768); the water-powered frame (1769); the powered drill (1775); the rotary steam-engine (1776-81); iron puddling (1784); the first usable threshing machine (1786); the perfected form of the lathe (1794) - cumulatively a huge technical investment paving the way for recovery.
   In 1791, the skies cleared: prices rose, business picked up, there was a greater division of labour, resulting in greater productivity.


p.614
... which combined the catastrophic effects of wretched housing, unhealthy and even contaminated food (for lack of sufficient means of transport), with the social upheaval which tore individuals away from their family roots and the resources of the village community.

p.614
   'Two generations were sacrificed to the creation of an industrial base.'


p.615
French commander and mestre-de-camp Pillet
In Glasgow in 1812, he observed271 that 'the wages of the cotton workers ... are no more than a quarter what they were 19 years ago, although everything has doubled in price in the meantime'.


p.618
I believe in them so firmly that since the beginning of our present difficulties, in 1972-4, I have often asked myself: is this the downward slope of a Kondratieff cycle? Or are we indeed embarking upon a much longer slide, a reversal of the secular trend? If so, are the day-to-day remedies proposed to meet the crisis completely illusory? For the reversal of the secular trend is a structural crisis which could only be resolved by thorough-going structural demolition and reconstruction.


p.621
The whole panoply of forms of capitalism - commercial, industrial, banking - was already deployed in 13th-century Florence, in 17th-century Amsterdam, in London before the 18th century. It it undoubtedly the case that in the early 19th century, the coming of machines made industrial production a high-profit sector and capitalism went over to it on a massive scale. But it was by no  means confined to this sector. When the first fantastic profits of the cotton boom in Britain fell, in the face of competition, to 2 or 3%, the accumulated capital was diverted to other industries, steel and railways for instance; to an even greater extent though, there was a return to finance capitalism, to banking, to more speculation than ever on the Stock Exchange, to major international trade, to the profits derived from exploitation of the colonies, to government loans etc.

p.621
It has simply taken on new forms, ...

p.622
Accused of taking jobs away from workers in their own country by setting up subsidiaries abroad, of contributing to the trade deficit and of playing a disastrous role in the international money markets, including speculation against the dollar, they were the object of inquiries by the American Senate for several years - but seem to be none the worse for it today. The multinationals too have a finger in every pie - in industry of course (since they invest in low-wage countries); in finance inevitably, given the size of their short-term disposable funds ('more than twice the reserves of the central banks and the international monetary institutions', so that a 2% shift in their liquidities would be enough to provoke an acute monetary crisis anywhere in the world, according to a US Senate committee); ...

p.628
   'Tradition and previous generations', Marx wrote, 'weigh like a nightmare on the minds of the living' - and not only on the minds, on the very existence of the living too, one might add. Jean-Paul Sartre may have dreamed of a society from which inequality would have disappeared, where one man would not exploit another. But no society in the world has yet given up tradition and the use of privilege. If this is ever to be achieved, all the social hierarchies will have to be overthrown, not merely those of money or state power, not only social privilege but the uneven weight of the past and of culture. The experience of the socialist countries proves that the disappearance of a single hierarchy - the economic hierarchy - raises scores of new problems and is not enough on its own to establish equality, liberty or even plenty. A clear-sighted revolution, if such a thing is even possible - and if it were, would the paralysing weight of circumstances allow it to remain so for long? - would find it very difficult to demolish what should be demolished, while retaining what should be retained: freedom for ordinary people, cultural indepedence, a market economy with no loaded dice, and a little fraternity.

English translation copyright © 1984 by William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. and Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.

    (The perspective of the world, 909.08 Braudel, )
    (Fernand Braudel, civilization and capitalism, 15th - 18th century, volume III, the perspective of the world, translation from the French, by Siân Reynolds, 909.08 Braudel, )
    (Braudel, Fernand. [Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme. English], Civilization and capitalism, 15th - 18th century / Fernand Braudel --1st University of California Press ed., Translation of : Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme.', 1. economic history., 2. social history - modern, 1500 -, 3. civilization, modern - history, English translation © 1984, translation from the French by Siân Reynolds, 1992, )
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Charles Perrow, Normal accidents : living with high-risk technologies, 1999 [ ]

p.310
Baruch Fischhoff, in a thoughtful examination of cost-benefit analysis (the article has the engaging title, “Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance”), notes another consequence of the monetarization of social good by economists.14  Cost-benefit analysis is “mute with regard to distribution of wealth in society”, he notes. “Therefore, a project designed solely to redistribute a society's resources would, if analyzed, be found to be all costs (those involved in the transfer) and no benefits (since the total wealth remains unchanged).”  Risks from risky technologies are not borne equally by the different social classes; risk assessments ignore the social class distribution of risk.

 

“Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance”

https://www.cmu.edu/epp/people/faculty/research/PS-F-CBAandMM.pdf

   ( Normal accidents : living with high-risk technologies / Charles Perrow, 1. industrial accidents., 2. technology--risk assessment., 3. accident., HD7262  P55  1999, 363.1--dc21, 1999,  ) 

____________________________________
 
   “My purpose is to raise conscious mental defenses against the subconscious attitudes.”;--Fred Brooks, acceptance lecture delivered at SIGGRAPH 94, Communication of the ACM, March 1996/Vol. 39, No. 3, 

   filename:  Toolsmith-CACM.pdf

   “My purpose is to raise conscious mental defenses against the subconscious attitudes. The most important of these defenses are a continual focus on our users and a continual evaluation of our progress by their successes.”;--Fred Brooks, acceptance lecture delivered at SIGGRAPH 94, Communication of the ACM, March 1996/Vol. 39, No. 3, 

   filename:  Toolsmith-CACM.pdf

   “What comes out of a human imagination can be achingly beautiful or painfully ugly, deeply true or deeply false, wonderfully good or horribly evil.
   “As Jesus said, what comes out depends upon the condition of the heart itself [Matthew 15:18].  If we would have our creation be true, beautiful, and good, we have to attend to our hearts.
   “Fill your minds with those things that are good and ... [worthy of] praise; things that are
    • true,
    • noble,
    • right,
    • pure,
    • lovely, and,
    • honourable [Philippians 4:8].”;--Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.
   ____________________________________
   ▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀▄▀

Your parents' incomplete passages

  
Frankor Minirth, Paul Meier, Stephen Arterburn, The complete life encyclopedia : a Minirth Meier new life family resource, 1995

pp.389-390
p.389
   Deal with your parents' incomplete passages.
   Deal with your parents' incomplete passages.  As we were growing up in our parents' home, we absorbed attitudes and impressions about marriage and husband-wife roles from their example.  We assume that our attitudes about marriage (which largely reflect the attitudes of our parents) are “normal” because those attitudes are the only ones we've ever known.  Suddenly, we are thrown into a sink-or-swim situation with another person from another family background with a whole different set of attitudes that he or she thinks are “normal” but that we regard as “weird”. 
p.389-390
It's time to reconsider, and to take a hard look at the attitudes and impressions we have absorbed by osmosis from our families of origin.
p.390
   What passages or task did our parents fail to complete?  Did they fail to overcome the tendency to jockey for control?  Did they fail to learn how to make responsible choices?  Did they fail to maintain individual identities?  Fail to practice forgiveness?  Unless you become consciously aware of these passages in your parents' life where they got stuck or derailed, you are likely to repeat their pattern.

p.390
   What self-defeating attitudes did you absorb your parents?  “Men don't show emotion or say ‘I love you.’”  “Women can't be trusted with money.”  “Sex is a weapon in the battle of the sexes.”  “Keep your man on a short leash; men can't be trusted.”  Your parents' attitudes were probably never verbalized when you were growing up, but they were modeled, and you absorbed them unconsciously and uncritically.  Now they have to be dug up like land mines, one by one, so that they can be defused.  If you don't, they will continue to explode unexpectedly throughout your marriage, wounding both you and your spouse.

p.390
   What's more, some of those land mines will still be lying around for your children to discover.

p.390
A key principle of this passage of marriage is  [‘]All incomplete passages become unfinished business for the next generation.[’]  If your parents left any unfinished business for you to deal with, then finish it now.  Resolve these old issues in your present-day marriage, and make a commitment not to pass them on to your own children. 

   (The complete life encyclopedia : a Minirth Meier new life family resource / Frank Minirth, Paul Meier, Stephen Arterburn, 1. mental health ── religious aspects ── christianity ── encyclopedias., BT732.4.M55   1995, 613──dc20,  )
 <---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

8:15
How to Heal the Child in YOU | Thich Nhat Hanh Shares WISDOM for Parents #innerchild #buddhism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4efKjvYLLHM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4efKjvYLLHM
Sounds True
  Dec 23, 2022
   ____________________________________
52:24
The Path | Michael Puett | Talks at Google
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfnSTr6-1g4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfnSTr6-1g4
Talks at Google
  Aug 1, 2016
For the first time award-winning Harvard professor, Michael Puett shares his wildly popular course on classical Chinese philosophy, showing you how these ancient ideas can guide you on the path to a good life today.

Prof. Puett stopped by our Cambridge office to enlighten us on ways in which we can use teachings from two thousand years ago to live our best lives yet while staying true to our authentic selves.

Why is a course on ancient Chinese philosophers one of the most popular at Harvard?
   ____________________________________

so I am not sure why I decide to post this today of all other days, like
why did I not post it in the past, or, why could I not have post this to morrow, meaning some time in the future; I don't know and, I am unclear as to why I am doing it today of all the other days I could do this; I know, I repeated, all other days;
what I can tell you is that today is not the day for posting this brief TEXT about your parents' incomplete passages; with that part out of the way, I feel like I need to say that, I do not know what you can do with this piece of information;
okay, let's say it is true that, everyone has their parents' incomplete passages; what can I do, or, what can you do about it; for the moment, as I am typing this, I can not figure out - what are you going to do about it, upon after getting this information; so what? ;
  
I post this information; no one is going to know it is out there;
but let's supposed that some one did find out about it;
and so they read it; now what; how does (your parents' incomplete passages) apply in their life situation?; of all the problems in their lives, getting food on the table, paying rent (hoursing) (sp?) (housing), electricity, water bill; simple survival; addressing your parents' incomplete passages is going to [be] pretty low on the survival priority list;
 
another thing that I feel like I should say is this;
this TEXT - this piece of information - would most likely be not that useful unless you have gone through a proper preparation process before reading it; in other words, without a certain kind of initiation process, and in a way, you can say this initiation process is supposed to put - arrange and configure - your mental setup into a framework or maybe, a mental scaffolding (mental model), or, assembling a mythical virtual reality google (goggle) with a theoretical lens, there are  two lens, one for each eye, I am predicting and, I would be wrong in some cases, where n = (some cases) (prediction failure), you would not be able to do anything with the (your parents' incomplete passages) TEXT;

one last thing, and I think this is going to be the last thing, I believe (your parents' incomplete passages) to be true, not The Truth, but true; of course, (your parents' incomplete passages) would not apply as much or, not at all to the situation of foster parents, orphan (orphans), or things (situation) like that; it would not apply, not in the sense that it would not apply; it would not apply in the sense that I do not know if it would apply, because I have no information, no data, no cases or studies that is available that would inform me whether if the situation is applicable or not; in other words, I do not know, and because I do not know, I am erring on the side of ..., and saying they do not apply; whether (your parents' incomplete passages) would apply in your situation or not, ultimately, you are going to have to figure that out for yourself; with all the cautions that I have mentioned, I have a high level of confidence in the applicability of (your parents' incomplete passages)...   
   ____________________________________
21:13
Stephen Colbert and Anderson Cooper's beautiful conversation about grief
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB46h1koicQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB46h1koicQ
mostly water
Aug 17, 2019
   ____________________________________  
  
For mum (mom), for dad (dada), for those of you who voluntarily choose to be parents, and for all the teachers (inside and outside of the class room) (great and small, young and old, living and dead, especially the human babies and small helpless beings); you may not know it or, maybe you do, but how you treated each others and yourself, have influenced me on how I should treat the world; ...

May peace be upon u, may peace be with you, and may peace be in your heart, your thought, your mind, your meditation, your mantra, your spirit, your breathe (breath), your speech, your movement, your smile, your face, your whole being, from the tippy top of the hair on your head beneath the heavenly blue sky down to the skin on your foot pad where it touches the Motherly earth, before you came to be, and after you shall have gone away, always and forever, [in the name of the holy and sacred spiritual breath] Amen.

Namaste.
   ____________________________________

Hasidic story of two stones, one in each pocket

Rabbi Simcha Bunam Bonhart of Przysucha (1765–1827) used to say, “Everyone must have two pockets, with a small stone in each pocket, so that he or she can reach into the one or the other, depending on the need.  When feeling lowly and depressed, discouraged or down, one should reach into the one pocket, and, there, be reminded of The words: “For my sake, the world was created.”  But when feeling high and mighty, one should reach into the 2nd pocket, and recall the words: “Ashes to ashes, dust to dust, I am dust and ashes, and unto dust and ashes I shalt return.”
   ____________________________________

 ‘ashes to ashes, dust to dust’

“In the sweat of thy face shall thou eat bread,
Till though return unto the ground;
For out of it wast thou taken:
For dust thou art,
And unto dust shalt thou return”

source:
        https://www.joincake.com/blog/ashes-to-ashes-dust-to-dust/
   ____________________________________

An elder Cherokee Native American was teaching his grandchildren about life. He said to them, “A fight is going on inside me…It is a terrible fight, and it is between two wolves. One wolf represents fear, anger, envy, sorrow, regret, greed, arrogance, self-pity, guilt, resentment, inferiority, lies, pride and superiority. The other wolf stands for joy, peace, love, hope, sharing, serenity, humility, kindness, benevolence, friendship, empathy, generosity, truth, compassion, and faith. This same fight is going on inside of you and every other person too.” They thought about it for a minute and then one child asked his grandfather, “Which wolf will win?” The old Cherokee simply replied… “The one I feed.”
   ____________________________________

Louann Brizendine, M.D., The Female Brain, 2006

This book is not intended to take the place of medical advice from a trained medical professional. Readers are advised to consult a physician or other qualified health professional regarding treatment of their medical problems. Neither the publisher nor the author takes any responsibility for any possible consequences from any treatment, action, or application of medicine, herb, or preparation to any person reading or following the information in this book.

p.110
The mommy brain is built through architecture, no imitation. This inattentive mothering behavior can be passed on for three generations unless some beneficial change in the environment happens before puberty.

p.110
   This finding has huge implications even if only some of it holds true for humans: how well you mother your daughter will determine how well she mothers your grandchildren.

p.111
   Scientists have also shown that high nurturing──from any loving, trust-inducing adult──may make babies smarter, healthier, and better able to deal with stress. These are qualities they will carry throughout their lives and into the lives of their own children.

p.111
Veronica's paternal grandmother made her feel special, even though her maternal grandmother was as emotionally distant as her mother was. Veronica started to cry as she told me how her father's mother would drop preparations for dinner party to color with her or to play dolls. Grandma made bluebery pancakes with warmed syrup and helped Veronica make her bed and clean her room. When there was a party to go to and Veronica needed clothes, this grandmother took her shopping and often let her buy dresses she loved but knew her mother would not have allowed.

p.111
allomother──a substitute mom

p.112
Veronica's paternal grandmother may have been the linchpin in creating generational change.

p.113
They also pitch in when needed to care for offspring other than their own──this is called alloparenting. In fact, in times of plenty, other moms easily adopt and care for foster children, even those from other communities or species. Many mammals have this capacity to bond with, nurture, and care for the offspring of others.

p.113
Agta Negrito of Luzon (the Philippines)
Agta women participate actively in hunting precisely because others are available to assume child care responsibilities. When women were observed to hunt, they either brought nursing children with them or gave the children to their mothers or oldest female sibling for care.

p.114
IDEAL MOMMY BRAIN ENVIRONMENT

One environmental factor that is essential for good mothering in any animal is predictability. It's not about how many resources are available, it's about how regularly they can be obtained. In one study, mother rhesus monkeys were set up with their youngsters in three different environments: one had plenty of food on some days but scarce fod on others. The amount of nurturing behavior mothers gave to their youngsters in these environments was recorded every hour on video. Youngsters in the best environment, with plenty of food, got the most responsive nurturing from their moms, while those in the environments with scarce but steady amounts of food got almost as much. But those from the unpredictable environment not only got the least amount of nurturing but received abusive and aggressive attacks from their moms. The mother and infant monkeys in the unpredictable environment had higher levels of stress hormones and lower levels of oxytocin than their peers in the other environments.

p.114
   In an unpredictable human environment, mothers become fearful and timid, and babies show signs of depression. The youngsters cling to their moms and are much less interested in exploring and playing with others──traits that linger on into adolescence and adulthood. This study supports the commonsense notion that mothers can do their best in a predictable environment. According to the primatologist Sarah Hrdy, humans evolved as cooperative breeders in settings where mothers have always relied on allomaternal care from others. So whatever a mother does and others do to help her, inside or outside the home, to ensure the predictability and availability of resources──financial, emotional, and social──may ultimately secure her children's future well-being.

In a nutshell, Men and women experience the world differently thanks to each gender's vastly different exposure to sex hormones.

The Female Brain
Louann Brizendine, M.D.

1. ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC):  Weights options, makes decisions. It's the worry-wort center, and it's larger in women than in men.

2. PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC):  The queen that rules the emotions and keeps them from going wild. It puts the brakes on the amygdala. Larger in women, and matures faster in women than in men by one to two years.

3. INSULA:  The center that processes gut feelings. Larger and more active in women.

4. HYPOTHALAMUS:  The conductor of the hormonal symphony; kicks the gonads into gear. Starts pumping earlier in life in women.

5. AMYGDALA:  The wild beast within; the instinctual core, tamed only by the PFC. Larger in men.

6. PITUITARY GLAND:  Produces hormones of fertility, milk production, and nurturing behavior. Helps turn on the mommy brain. 

7. HIPPOCAMPUS:  The elephant that never forgets a fight, a romantic encounter, or a tender moment──and won't let you forget it, either. Larger and more active in women. 



p.xv
estrogen
protestorone
testosterone

estrogen──the queen: powerful, in control, all-consuming; sometimes all business, sometimes an aggressive seductress; friend of dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine (the feel-good brain chemicals).

progesterone──in the background but a powerful sister to estrogen; intermittently appears and sometimes is a storm cloud reversing the effects of estrogen; other times is a mellowing agent; mother of allopregnenolone (the brain's Valium, i.e., chill pill).

testosterone──fast, assertive, focused, all-consuming, masculine; forceful seducer; aggressive, unfeeling; has no time for cuddling.


p.xv
oxytocin
cortisol
vasopressin
DHEA
androstenedione
allopregnenolone

oxytocin──fluffy, purring kitty; cuddly, nurturing, earth mother; the good witch Glinda in the The Wizard of Oz; finds pleasure in helping and serving; sister to vasopressin (the male socializing hormone), sister to estrogen, friend of dopamine (another feel-good brain chemical).

cortisol──frizzled, frazzled, stressed out; highly sensitive, physically and emotionally.

vasopressin──secretive, in the background, subtle aggressive male energies; brother to testosterone, brother to oxytocin (makes you want to connect in an active, male way, as does oxytocin).

DHEA──reservoir of all the hormones; omnipresent, pervasive, sustaining mist of life; energizing; father and mother of testosterone and estrogen, nicknamed “the mother hormone”, the Zeus and Hera of hormones; robustly present in youth, wanes to nothing in old age.

androstenedious──the mother of testosterone in the ovaries; supply of sassiness; high-spirited in youth, wanes at menopause, dies with the ovaries.

allopregnenolone──the luxurious, soothing, mellowing daughter of progesterone; without her, we are crabby; she is sedating, calming, easing; neutralizes any stress, but as soon as she leaves, all is irritable withdrawal; her sudden departure is the central story of PMS, the three or four days before a woman's period starts.

p.xvii
Hormones can determine what the brain is interested in doing. They help guide nurturing, social, sexual, and aggressive behaviors. They can affect being talkative, being flirtatious, giving or attending parties, writing thank-you notes, planning children's play dates, cuddling, grooming, worrying about hurting the feelings of others, being competitive, masturbating and initiating sex.
   ____________________________________

2. Louann Brizendine (2006)                      [ ]

[pp.52-57]
     By Tom Butler-Bowdon, from page 52 to page 57::
     from the book, ‘The Female Brain,’, by Louann Brizendine (2006), New York: Morgan Road,
 [p.52]
  The Female Brain

"More than ninety-nine(99) per cent of male and female genetic coding is exactly the same.  Out of the 30,000 genes in the human genomes, the variation between the sexes is small.  But those few differences influence every single cell in our bodies--from the nerves that register pleasure and pain to the neurons that transmit perception, thoughts, feelings and emotions."
([ those few differences influence every single cell in our bodies ])

"Just as women have an eight-lane superhighway for processing emotion while men have a small country road, men have Chicago's O'Hare Airport as a hub for processing thoughts about sex whereas women have the airfield nearby that lands small and private planes.  That probably explains why eighty-five percent of 20-30 year old males think about sex every fifty two seconds and women think about it once a day--or up to every three or four hours on their most fertile days.  This makes for interesting interactions between the sexes."
([
   1.  for processing emotion women have an eight-lane superhighway, while men have a small country road
   2.  for processing thoughts about sex men have Chicago's O'Hare Airport as a hub, whereas women have the airfield nearby that lands small and private planes.
   3.  this probably explains why 84 per cent of 20-30 year old males think about sex every 52 seconds and women think about it ONCE a day--or up to every 3 or 4  hours on their most fertile days.
   4.  This makes for interesting interactions between the sexes.
     ])

In a nutshell, Men and women experience the world differently thanks to each gender's vastly different exposure to sex hormones.

 [p.53]
  Louann Brizendine
  ... In fact, women and men have the same number of brain cells, but women's are more tightly packed into their skull.
     In the areas of the brain dealing with language and hearing, women have a full 11 per cent more neurons than men, and the part of the brain associated with memory, the hippocampus, is also larger in women.  The circuitry for
 [p.54]
observing emotion on other people's faces is again larger compared to the male.  In relation to speech, emotional intelligence, and the ability to store rich memory, therefore, women have a natural advantage.  ([ Therefore, women have a natural advantage in relation to speech, emotional intelligence, and the ability to store rich memory (and pick-up a new speaking language and being able to recall with precision and detail the last argument or conversation you had with her 20 years ago). (Dear Gentle Ladies, if you forget this, I have just remind you.) ])
     Men, on the other hand, have more processors in amygdala, a part of the brain regulating fear and agression.  This perhaps explains why males are more likely to anger quickly and take violent action in response to immediate physical danger.  (The concept of "fight or flight" in response to danger is an observation of men rather than women. [p.55] ([ fight or flight or freeze ]))  Women's brains also evolved to deal with possibly  life-threatening situations, but in a different way.  The female brain experiences greater stress over the same event as a man's, and this stress is a way of taking account of all possible risks to her children or family unit.  This is why, Brizendine suggests, a modern woman can view some unpaid bills as catastrophic, as they seem a threat to the family's very survival.
     ... Women actually use different parts of the brain and different circuits than men to accomplish the same tasks, including solving problems, processing language, and generally experiencing the world.
  

The Baby Brain
The brains of male and female fetuses look the same--"female is nature's default settings," until they are 8 weeks old, Brizendine observes.  At about eight weeks, a male foetus's brain is flooded with testosterone, which kills off the cells relating to communication and helps to grow cells relating to sex and aggression.  Biochemically, the male brain is then significantly different from a female one, and by the time the first half of the pregnancy is over, the differences between male and female brains are mostly set.
     <this first sentence has been edited> A baby comes into the world wired to notice faces and to hear vocal tones, however a female baby does both things better.  In the first three months of her life a baby girl's abilities at "mutual gazing" and eye contact grow by 400 per cent.  In the same period, these abilities do not grow at all in boys.
     It is well known that girls usually begin speaking some time before boys, thanks to the better-developed language circuitry of their brains.  This continues into adulthood, with women speaking on average 20,000 words a day and men averaging only around 7,000. (As Brizendine remarks, this higher ability "wasn't always appreciated," with some cultures locking up a woman or putting a clamp on her tongue to stop the chatter. ([ Brizendine is not being figurative here, the women were physically locked up and clamp were put on the tongue for speaking too much; imagine a writer or a painter being locked-up and having clamp put on their hands for writing or painting too much, or an athelete being locked-up for playing or working on mastering the choosen sports, too much.])) 
 [p.55]
  cycle of mother-infant stress.
     ... baby girls are more sensitive to the state of their mother's nervous system.  It is important that infant girls do not have mothers who are stressed out, as when the girl grows up [and] have children of her own, her ability to be nurturing will be reduced.  However, armed with this knowledge, it is possible to break the cycle of mother-infant stress.

The teen brain
At puberty, a girl's thinking and behavior change according to the fluctuating levels of estrogen (one of the "feel-good" hormones), progesterone ("the brain's valium"), and cortisol (the stress hormone) in her brain.  Other important hormones produced are oxytocin (which makes us want to bond, love, and connect with others) and dopamine (which stimulates the brain's pleasure centers).
     The effect of these chemicals is to give a teenage girl a great need for and pleasure in gossiping, shopping([ treasure-hunt, searching, gathering, preparing, cooking ]), exchanging secrets([better route and method to search for, to get to and gather resource]), and experimenting with clothing and hair styles--anything that involves connecting and communicating.  Teenage girls are always on the phone because they actually NEED to communicate to reduce their stress levels.  Their squeals of delight at seeing friends, and the corresponding panic at being grounded, are also part of these changes.  The dopamine and oxytocin rush that girls experience is "the biggest, fattest neurological reward you can get outside of an orgasm," Brizendine remarks.
     Why exactly does the loss of a friendship feel so catastrophic to a teen girl, and why is her social group so important to her?  Physiologically she is reaching the optimum age for child rearing, and in evolutionary terms she knows that a close-knit group is good protection, since if she has a small child with her she is not able to attack or run away as a man can. (The concept of "fight or flight" in response to danger is an observation of men rather than women.)  Close social bonds actually alter the female brain in a highly positive way, so that any loss of those relationships triggers a hormonal change that strengthens the feeling of abandonment or loss.  The intensity of female pubescent friendships therefore also has a biochemical basis.
     The teenage girl's confidence and ability to deal with stress also change according to the time of the month, and Brizendine has treated many "problem" girls who experience higher than average hormonal changes.  The most brash and aggressive girls often have high levels of androgens, the hormones associated with aggression.  At normal levels, fluctuations in androgens can cause a girl to be more focused on power, whether within the peer group or over boys.
     Incidentally, why do teenage boys often become brooding and monosyllabic?  The testosterone that marinates their brains not only drives
 [p.56]
them to "compelling masturbatory frenzies," but also reduces their wish to talk or socialize if it does not involve girls or sport ([or others]).
     Overall, in the teen years the differing hormonal effects on the brain cause males and females to go off in different directions--boys gain self-esteem through independence from others ([ see scarce_ithoj and West_ithoj below ]), while female gain it through the closeness of their social bonds.

Final comments
... Yes, we may be able to alter our cultural attitudes or policies to make a better world, but first we must understand the facts about how brain biology--so different between men and women--shapes behavior.
     ... She notes that until puberty, boys and girls are exactly the same in mathematical or scientific achievement.  However, the testosterone that floods the male brain makes boys extremely competitive but also more willing to spend many hours studying alone or working on their computers ([could be beneficial in stalking, tracking, hunting, scouting, and exploration]).  With the teenage girl's flood of estrogen, in contrast, a female becomes a lot more interested in social bonding and her emotional life, and as a consequence is unlikely to sit for hours alone pondering mathematical puzzles or battling to top the class.  Even as adults women are compelled by their brain chemistry to want to communicate and connect, and this favors them less for the sort of solitary work often required by mathematical, scientific, or engineering careers.  Brizendine's theory in a nutshell: It is not lack of aptitude that makes women stay out of these fields, but brain-driven attitudes to the work involved.
     Yet Brizendine says, "Biology powerfully affects, but does not lock in our reality."
     [...]
     ‘The Female Brain,’, by Louann Brizendine (2006), New York: Morgan Road,
     (50 Psychology Classics: who we are, how we think, what we do; insight and inspiration from 50 key books, by Tom Butler-Bowdon, © 2007, MJF books, pp.52-57)
 <---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

  Johari Window (named after, and developed by, Joe Luft and Harry Ingram)

  [[blindspot]]
           blindspot: not known to self, might or might not be known to others 
            or
           the aspects that others see but we are not aware of.

  Johari window

       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johari_window
           The philosopher Charles Handy calls this concept the Johari House with four rooms. Room 1 is the part of ourselves that we see and others see. Room 2 is the aspects that others see but we are not aware of. Room 4 is the most mysterious room in that the unconscious or subconscious part of us is seen by neither ourselves nor others. Room 3 is our private space, which we know but keep from others.
       open or arena:     known to self,     known to others  (Room 1)
           blindspot: not known to self,     known to others  (Room 2)
    Hidden or Façade:     known to self, not known to others  (Room 3)
             unknown: not known to self, not known to others  (Room 4)
 <---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

Rumsfeld stated:

    Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don't know we don't know. And if one looks throughout the history of our country and other free countries, it is the latter category that tends to be the difficult ones.[1]


source:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns
 <---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

A tell in poker is a change in a player's behavior or demeanor that is claimed by some to give clues to that player's assessment of their hand. A player gains an advantage if they observe and understand the meaning of another player's tell, particularly if the tell is unconscious and reliable. Sometimes a player may fake a tell, hoping to induce their opponents to make poor judgments in response to the false tell. More often, people try to avoid giving out a tell, by maintaining a poker face regardless of how strong or weak their hand is.

A tell is a body movement or some form of facial expression that can give more experienced poker players, who are closely watching you, an idea of whether you do in fact have a very strong Poker hand or are trying to bluff them with a low valued hand!

source:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(poker)
        https://www.top10pokerwebsites.net/blog/top-10-poker-tells
 <---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

In sporting terminology, to telegraph is to unintentionally alert an opponent to one's immediate situation or intentions. The sporting use of the term telegraph draws a direct comparison with the communication device of the same name. "Telegraphing" always refers to a reflexive physical action rather than a protracted or intellectual give-away. For example, a boxer rotating his shoulders to throw a hook would be telegraphing.

While telegraphing is a hazard for any sporting event, it is particularly risky at upper levels of competition where talented players are better able to anticipate and react to telegraphed actions. The ability to suppress telegraphing is often the hallmark of elite athletes.

The term telegraph is arguably used most often in boxing. This will usually take the form of boxers moving their shoulders in a specific manner before throwing a punch. This can also refer to boxers whose overall movement is so slow that it can be anticipated by an opponent.[1]

In martial arts that utilise legs as well as arms for striking, telegraphing often involves hip movements used to shift bodyweight. Wing chun is one martial art that attempts to avoid this pitfall by using uncommitted techniques.

source:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphing_(sports)
 <---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

A microexpression is a facial expression that only lasts for a short moment. It is the innate result of a voluntary and an involuntary emotional response occurring simultaneously and conflicting with one another, and occurs when the amygdala (the emotion center of the brain[dubious – discuss]) responds appropriately to the stimuli that the individual experiences and the individual wishes to conceal this specific emotion. This results in the individual very briefly displaying their true emotions followed by a false emotional reaction.[1]

Human emotions are an unconscious biopsychosocial reaction that derives from the amygdala and they typically last 0.5–4.0 seconds,[1] although a microexpression will typically last less than 1/2 of a second.[2] Unlike regular facial expressions it is either very difficult or virtually impossible to hide microexpression reactions. Microexpressions cannot be controlled as they happen in a fraction of a second, but it is possible to capture someone's expressions with a high speed camera and replay them at much slower speeds.[3] Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: disgust, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, contempt, and surprise. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, Paul Ekman expanded his list of emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions not all of which are encoded in facial muscles. These emotions are amusement, embarrassment, anxiety, guilt, pride, relief, contentment, pleasure, and shame.[4][5]

source:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microexpression
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A great man who knows everything about this topic warns everybody to be sure you really want to learn this, because once you learn it you cannot unlearn it, says Dr. Paul Ekman.

I also have a couple of warnings:
  (1) Don't read people and tell people what you're seeing in them. People hate it- and you become instantly creepy;
  (2) Be careful, if all of a sudden you are looking at everything more clearly you can become super sensitive. This can be very dangerous to yourself and all of your relationships. Recognize if at least 70% of our communication is not the words that are used- all of a sudden you could be seeing 3 times more information it can be scary- so chill out a little.

Starting to Learn: With a little investment of money and many hours of study you to will see the world differently.

Step 1:

Get a good body language book. I can recommend this book because it covers all the bases.

Step 2:

Practice, Practice, Practice. I find airports and sandwich shops (on weekday lunches) are the best places to read people. There always a electic mix of people- sometimes they are there for business, other times it is catching up with friends. Do it at least once a week, if not more. Go to parties and different events to expose yourself to different reads, notice the differences. Learn.

Step 3:

Get advanced micro expression training at Humintell. Get certified in microexpressions, then do it until you get a perfect score. There is no sense learning to recognize what is going on but getting it wrong. Once your perfect, keep up your skills to maintain your score by going back every so often.

Step 4:

Get yourself a good pair of dark or mirrored sunglasses because when you are outside you do not want to be caught starring at someone, and then stare at everyone. Think Secret Service.

Step 5:

The best book on lying I have come across for the non professional is this one. Memorize it. Read and skim it every so often. If you know and understand the concepts presented in this book, it is like you’ve been working as a police detective for 20+ years.

Step 6:

Get Subtle Expression Recognition Training at Humintell. This training examines how the core emotions can be shown on only part of the face. They occur when an emotion is first beginning. They also occur when someone is trying to suppress any sign of how they are feeling. Recognizing true feelings is important to the craft.

Step 7:

Detecting Deception Through Statement Analysis

People's words betray their true thoughts, and they will provide you with more information than they realize. This book will show you what to look for in verbal and written statements to determine if they are telling the truth. If you are a fan of "Lie to Me" the stuff in this book is their secret weapon that they never explain the science of, but use in every episode.

Step 8:

More books. These I can recommend because they are really interesting. Sure they will cover some of the concepts you already learned from the first body language book, but they have something to add, and it becomes a refresher now that you have some experience under your belt.


source:
        https://web.archive.org/web/20130528045728/http://www.spyingforlying.com/2010/03/dr-david-matsumoto-how-to-tell-lie-with.html
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source:
        https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/reading-people-behavioral-anomalies-and-investigative-interviewing
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1. To hide their lies people try to show their good side and feeds and their truthfulness. We need to ignore their truthful behaviour do that it is not processed. Ignoring it will help us manage bias, make decisions about persons veracity and filter extra information making deception spotting easy.

2. FAILURE TO ANSWER. If you ask someone a question and he doesn’t give you what you ask for, there’s a reason for that. One possible reason is that the facts aren’t on his side, and he’s trying to figure out how to deal with that. Now, should you immediately conclude that the person is lying because he didn’t give you what you asked for? Absolutely not. Always remember the cluster rule—we need more than just that single behavior. After all, there could be other explanations. Have you ever spoken with someone who just can’t seem to get to the point? Or the person might not have understood the question, or thought he heard a different question.

3. DENIAL PROBLEMS. Closely related to the failure to answer is the absence of an explicit denial of something in your question that involves an act of wrongdoing, or has consequences associated with it.

4. Nonspecific denial. If the “no” statement is delivered in a way that’s more of a general focus than a specific expression of denial of the matter at hand (“I didn’t do anything,” “I would never do something like that”), that’s also significant. It’s subtle, but if a person says he didn’t do anything, psychologically he’s letting himself off the hook so he doesn’t have to tell the bald-faced lie, “I didn’t do it.” It’s a nuance that’s easily missed by an untrained ear.
• Isolated delivery of denial. If in response to a question about wrongdoing, a person gives you a “no” response, but buries it in a long-winded answer, that’s important. If the percentage of the answer that relates to the denial is relatively small, that’s a bad thing. Consider it a deceptive indicator.

5. REPEATING THE QUESTION. Why might a deceptive person repeat a question? We think of it as buying time, and ultimately that’s the goal. But what’s happening, according to behavioral psychologists, is he’s probably trying to fill in what would otherwise appear to be a very awkward moment of silence. Silence in response to a question is almost universally perceived as deceptive. So rather than just sit there in stone silence with a blank look on his face, he’ll repeat the question to give himself time to think. What’s interesting about this is that while it might take only two to three seconds to repeat the question, let’s do the math. If a person thinks ten times faster than he speaks, he’s just bought himself twenty to thirty seconds’ worth of what he hopes will be good response material. As always, it’s important to remember the cluster rule here. There are perfectly legitimate reasons to repeat a question—perhaps the person didn’t hear it, or wants to ensure he understands it. And sometimes, it’s just a habit.

6.
NONANSWER STATEMENTS. The psychology behind nonanswer statements is much the same as that associated with repeating the question—avoiding that awkward silence and buying time to figure out how to respond. These are things that people say that don’t provide what you ask for: “That’s a good question,” or “I’m glad you asked that.” Sometimes, these can provide you with useful information. We often hear the nonanswer statement, “I knew you were going to ask me that.” Why is that statement made in response to this particular question? Without realizing it, the person may be cluing us in on what he’s thinking or worried about.
NONANSWER STATEMENTS

“That’s a good question.”

“I’m glad you asked that.”

“I knew you were going to ask me that.”


7. INCONSISTENT STATEMENTS. “It is not without good reason said, that he who has not good memory should never take upon him the trade of lying.” So said Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, who well knew that keeping your story straight when the truth isn’t your ally is a formidable task. When a person makes a statement about an issue of interest to you, and subsequently makes a statement that’s not consistent with what she said previously, and she doesn’t explain why the story has changed, that is significant.

8. GOING INTO ATTACK MODE. Being backed into a corner by the facts of a situation can put a lot of strain on a deceptive person, and can compel him to go on the attack. This might take the form of an attempt to impeach your credibility or competence, with questions like, “How long have you been doing this job?” or “Do you know anything about our organization?” or “Why are you wasting my time with this stuff?” What he’s trying to do is to get you to back off, to start questioning yourself on whether you’re going down the right path. Kids will often give this a shot when confronted by their parents. Questions like, “Why do you always pick on me?” and “Why don’t you trust me?” fall into this category.

9. INAPPROPRIATE QUESTIONS. Some schools of thought suggest that answering a question with a question is deceptive, but we would say that’s not necessarily the case. What concerns us is when we ask a question, and the response is a question that doesn’t directly relate to the question we asked.

10. OVERLY SPECIFIC ANSWERS. Deceptive people might be overly specific in two ways, and they’re almost polar opposites. One way is they will answer a question too technically, or too narrowly. When Phil ran the internal affairs operation within the CIA, he required all of his investigators to ask employees being interviewed, “What do you do here at the Agency? What’s your job?” Obviously, the investigators wouldn’t have gone into the interview without knowing that. The purpose was something of a test. We found that truthful people tended to respond succinctly with a job title: “I’m a case officer,” or “I’m an analyst.” Deceptive people tended to provide a job description, offering specific information intended to manage the investigator’s perception of them. What’s interesting is that everything they said was the truth. But the purpose was to create that halo effect.

11. INAPPROPRIATE LEVEL OF POLITENESS. We’re certainly not at all suspicious of someone who’s just a nice person. But if, in response to a question, a person suddenly increases the level of nicety, that’s significant. Perhaps the person says, “Yes, ma’am” in that particular response, but at no other time in the interview. Or a compliment might be injected during the response: “That’s a great tie, by the way.” The idea here is that the more we like someone, the more we’re inclined to believe him and to shy away from confrontation. The person is using politeness as a means of promoting his likability.

12. INAPPROPRIATE LEVEL OF CONCERN. If the facts are not a person’s ally, he’s put into a hole from which he needs to try to extricate himself. A person in this position doesn’t have much going for him, so he might resort to a strategy of attempting to diminish the importance of the issue. Typically, he’ll focus on either the issue or the process, and try to equalize the exchange by doing the questioning: “Why is this such a big deal?” or “Why is everybody worried about that?” The person might even attempt to joke about the issue, which can be especially inappropriate.

13. PROCESS OR PROCEDURAL COMPLAINTS. Sometimes, a person won’t necessarily go on the attack, but will still attempt to play offense rather than defense by taking issue with the proceedings. Questions like “Why are you asking me?” or “How long is this going to take?” fall into this category. They may be a delaying tactic, similar to repeating the question or making nonanswer statements, or they may be an attempt at deflection in the hope of steering the proceedings down a different path.

14. INVOKING RELIGION. When a person brings God into the equation, he’s engaging in an extreme form of what psychologists call “dressing up the lie,” and it can be very effective. After all, what do you have in your briefcase that tops God? So, you need to recognize responses that include such phrases as “I swear to God” or “As God is my witness” for what they may well be: an attempt to dress up a lie in its Sunday best before presenting it to you.

15. QUALIFIERS. There are two types of qualifiers that are potential deceptive indicators: exclusion qualifiers and perception qualifiers. Exclusion qualifiers enable people who want to withhold certain information to answer your question truthfully without releasing that information. Examples of qualifiers of this type include “basically,” “for the most part,” “fundamentally,” “probably,” and “most often.” Perception qualifiers are used to enhance credibility: “frankly,” “to be perfectly honest,” and “candidly” are examples. Keep in mind that we all have speech habits and patterns that can account for the presence of these qualifiers, so again, remember the cluster rule. Also, we don’t count each qualifier as a separate indicator. Consider the use of multiple qualifiers in response to a question as one indicator. There can be a lot of them in a single response.

16. BEHAVIORAL PAUSE OR DELAY. You ask a person a question and you initially get nothing. After a delay, he begins to respond. How long does a delay have to be before it’s meaningful, before you would consider it a deceptive indicator? Well, it depends.

Try this exercise on a friend: Ask her the question, “On this date seven years ago, what were you doing that day?” The person will invariably pause before responding, because it’s not a question that naturally evokes an immediately response—the person has to think about it, and likely still won’t be able to offer a meaningful response. Now ask her, “On this date seven years ago, did you rob a gas station?” If your friend pauses before responding, you probably need to choose your friends more carefully. Much more likely, there will be no pause—your friend will immediately respond, “No!” or “Of course not!” It’s a simple exercise, but it drives home the point that the delay needs to be considered in the context of whether it’s appropriate for the question. A second variable is whether the delay is appropriate for the person. In the course of an interview, for example, a pattern will naturally develop that gives you a sense of how much time elapses before the person responds to your questions. If we see something that falls outside of that established pattern, then we have a concern.

17. VERBAL/NONVERBAL DISCONNECT. Our brains are wired in a way that causes our verbal and nonverbal behaviors to naturally match up. So when there’s a disconnect, we consider that a potential deceptive indicator.

A common verbal/nonverbal disconnect to watch out for occurs when a person nods affirmatively while saying, “No,” or turns his head from side to side while saying, “Yes.” As an exercise, if you were to perform that mismatch in response to a question, you’d find that you really have to force yourself through the motion. Yet, a deceptive person will potentially do it without even thinking about it.

There are a couple of caveats associated with this particular indicator. First, this indicator is only applicable in a narrative response, not in a one-word or short-phrase response. Consider, for example, that a person’s head might make a sharp nodding motion when he says “No!” That’s not a disconnect; it’s simple emphasis. Second, it’s important to keep in mind that in some cultures, a nodding motion doesn’t mean “yes,” and a side-to-side head motion doesn’t mean “no.” So, you need to ensure you’re familiar with the cultural patterns of the person who’s being questioned.

18. HIDING THE MOUTH OR EYES. A deceptive person will often hide her mouth or eyes when she’s being untruthful. There is a natural tendency to want to cover over a lie, so if a person’s hand goes in front of her mouth while she’s responding to a question, that’s significant. Similarly, there’s a natural inclination to shield oneself from the reaction of those who are being lied to. If a person shields her eyes while she’s responding to a question, what she might well be indicating, on a subconscious level, is that she can’t bear to see the reaction to the whopper she’s telling. This shielding may be accomplished with a hand, or the person might even close her eyes. We’re not referring to blinking here, but if a person closes her eyes while responding to a question that does not require reflection to answer, we consider that a means of hiding the eyes, and a likely deceptive indicator.

19. THROAT-CLEARING OR SWALLOWING. If a person clears his throat or performs a significant swallow prior to answering the question, that’s a potential problem. If he does it after he answers, that doesn’t bother us. But if he does it before he answers, a couple of things might be happening. He might be doing the nonverbal equivalent of the verbal “I swear to God . . .”—dressing up the lie in its Sunday best before presenting it to us. Or physiologically, the question might have created a spike in anxiety, which can cause discomfort or dryness in the mouth and throat.

20. HAND-TO-FACE ACTIVITY. While you’re in L-squared mode, be on the lookout for anything a person does with his face or in the head region in response to your question. This often takes the form of biting or licking the lips, or pulling on the lips or ears. The reason goes back to simple high school science. You’ve asked a question, and the question creates a spike in anxiety because a truthful response would be incriminating. That, in turn, triggers the autonomic nervous system to go to work to dissipate the anxiety. One of the ways it does that is by kicking in the fight-or-flight response. The person’s body is rerouting circulation to his vital organs and major muscle groups so he can run faster, jump higher, fight harder in response to the threat. Where does that blood come from? It comes from blood-rich regions of the body that can temporarily do with a diminished supply of blood—typically, the surfaces of the face, the ears, and the extremities. When the blood rushes away from those regions, it irritates the capillaries, which can create a sensation of cold or itchiness. Without the person even realizing it, his hands are drawn to those areas, or there’s a wringing or rubbing of the hands. Boom!—you’ve spotted a deceptive indicator.

21. ANCHOR-POINT MOVEMENT. Beyond these physiological reactions, the body also dissipates this anxiety through other forms of physical activity, most notably “anchor-point” movements.

A person’s anchor points are those parts of his body that anchor him in a particular spot or position. If a person is standing, his primary anchor points are his feet. His secondary anchor points might be his arms if they’re folded in front of him, or they might be his hands if he’s standing with his hands on his hips or in his pockets. We’re not worried about his posture; we’re only looking at those anchor points.

If a person is sitting in a chair, his primary anchor points would be his buttocks, his back, and his feet. We always consider both feet as anchor points, even if he has his legs crossed and one foot is in the air. In fact, if everything else is locked down, that foot in the air might be the most likely anchor point to move as the body works to dissipate anxiety, because it’s the point of least resistance. Secondary anchor points might be an elbow on the arm of the chair, or hands resting in the lap. Bear in mind that we do not consider each anchor-point movement as a separate deceptive indicator. So, if there is anchor point movement in response to your question, regardless of how many anchor points move, count that as just one deceptive behavior.

([ not a deceptive behavior, but as an indicator of discomfort, or a shift in something that is happening in their mental operation, that seems to unconsciously (or consciously) show itself in the body language (as movement, stillness, or a break in their pattern); the body language movement is especially clear when the person - you are speaking with - would sit one way, and then literally shift in their chair after hearing you said ...blah blah blah..., and then shift or move before responding or saying ...something... back; the important thing to notice is a break (a change) in the body language stillness, movement, or pattern; I would recommend watching publicly available interview on youtube.com with the sound off, and simply read the body language; in the beginning you might not get anything; if you do this enough, and if the interview is not heavily edited (not live to tape), at some stage, you would be able to read the body language; reading body language is one of those thing that is learned by doing; as a source for body language reading homework exercise, if they have multiple cameras, good camera work, and all others, watch the panel talk on any subject with the sound off; body language reading exercise is educationally effective for those learning to do it, when your reading material (also refer to as the people you are watching) are not aware that they are being watch; because it is a natural human reaction to not wanting to be under observation ... ])

It’s worth mentioning here that when we interview someone, the last place we would want the interviewee to sit is in a straight-back chair with four legs. We want the person in a chair that has wheels, that rocks and swivels, that might even have moveable arm rests. That type of chair becomes a behavioral amplifier, magnifying those anchor-point movements and making them particularly easy to spot.

22. GROOMING GESTURES. Another way that some people may dissipate anxiety is through physical activity in the form of grooming oneself or the immediate surroundings. Let’s get a sense of what this looks like.
In a more typical setting, when responding to a question, a deceptive man might adjust his tie or shirt cuffs, or maybe his glasses. An untruthful woman might move a few strands of hair behind her ear, or straighten her skirt. We’re also concerned with sweat management. That a person might be sweating doesn’t bother us, but if he takes out his handkerchief (or, perhaps more likely, a hand sans kerchief) and wipes the sweat off his brow when responding to a question, that’s significant.

Tidying up the surroundings is another form of grooming gesture. You ask a question, and suddenly the phone isn’t turned the right way, the glass of water is too close, or the pencil isn’t in the right place. Like anchor-point movements, count all of these grooming gestures that come within the response to a single question as a single deceptive indicator.

23. A particular question that often causes revealing unintended messages to surface is one we call the “Punishment Question.” You ask the suspect, “What do you think should happen to the person who did this?”

This question has been routinely asked in interviews of suspects since at least the 1970s, and it’s probably the least understood and most misused question employed by law enforcement officers today. If you are interviewing the guilty party, you are, in effect, asking the person to sentence himself. The theory is that the guilty party will, naturally, suggest a relatively light punishment. On the other hand, the theory goes, the response of a person who is innocent will likely reflect a stiffer punishment, and an especially harsh one for heinous crimes.

The problem with this theory is that it’s easy for some to see through the thrust of the question, so deceptive people respond with what they presume we expect to hear from a truthful, innocent person. Not uncommonly, they respond with a harsh punishment—something like “He should be locked up for life.”

Analyzing a response to the Punishment Question requires caution. We are completely unfazed by a response that advocates strong punishment, because it’s a response that’s equally likely to come from truthful and deceptive people. On the other hand, our experience has demonstrated that if a suspect’s response reflects an abnormally lenient punishment, that raises a red flag that suggests we’re dealing with a deceptive person. Let’s examine what this looks like in actual cases.

24. PRESENT A CLEAR STIMULUS:
Remember, the model is only as good as the questions you ask in the course of employing it. Since the behavior you’re analyzing is the direct result of a stimulus—your question—it follows that your presentation of the stimulus is critical to the accuracy and usefulness of your analysis. Here are four tips to keep in mind when you formulate your question to ensure that it’s as clear as you can make it:
Keep it short. When possible, keep your question shorter rather than longer. As we noted in chapter 3, the individual you’re questioning is likely thinking ten times faster than you’re speaking. So if you ask a long, drawn-out, rambling question, that can be problematic if his agenda is to try to avoid answering your question or to provide a response that’s misleading.
Keep it simple. Some people try to convey their level of intellect by means of complex sentence structure and highbrow vocabulary. Make sure you don’t fall into that trap—if the person doesn’t fully understand your question, his response is less likely to be behaviorally significant. (less)


source:
        https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13167156-spy-the-lie
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oh, as a side note:

Don't you think that it is interesting - in term of a mega social experiment - that China (the mainland China), not the Taiwan (China), was able to enforced a one child policy; that's an unbelieve able amazing demographic social experiment; and yet Henry K. and the Chinese leader came to an arrangement during the Nixon administration and did it; and interestingly, the Chinese is working to reverse this one child policy, because of the demographic cliff China is going to experience [to a greater degree] and experiencing, and they should look to Sweden as a case study, in term of female focus and female oriented policy for increasing the birth rate beyond the one child policy; and do you think China would be able to do the one child policy using Western values and philosophy with a Chinese characteristic, or, do you think they would have greater success using Communist values and philosophy with a Chinese characteristic, with that blend of Chinese business practices thrown in as one of the ingredients of the cooking recipe; I am saying it is an interesting thought experiment and, maybe, in your idle cycle, something you can attend to in your spare time, if you wish ...  

To provide a context, in the United States, at first abortion was NOT legal, and then at a later stage, abortion was legally okay, planned parenthood and all that, and then a few States started to pass laws to restrict and chipped away at abortion - 3A's - access ability, availability, and afford ability, even though it is legal; and then, they said, and this has been reported;
     abortion is legal, except when the mother is beyond certain stage of pregnancy, or abortion is legal, except when the fetus is beyond a certain stage of development; who decide this - the court? - is unclear, but what the law does is made it possible for the doctor to be sued if the doctor breaks this legal restriction;
     Russell Ackoff (1919-2009) once said, and you can look for his talk on youtube.com: other necessary condition (the environment); the environment (full), in contrast with environment (free); all explanations now requires an environment; every law is constrained by the environment by which it applies; there is no such things as a universal law; they are all environmentally relative.;  
     what I am saying is that, this is an interesting variation of population control by way of meddling in the people birth rate; a commentary on Big Brother meddling into private citizen affairs; I know there must be more to this that I am completely oblivious to; and I am rather sure that abortion is really about soemthing (something) else; maybe abortion is about men, or a specific group of men; just as September 11, 2001 has some hidden message that I am not aware of, U.S. language and media analysis is needed; all you academics and scholars out there, see if you can get funding on this; sorry; don't do it; because it might put you on their RADAR; really, do NOT go asking to for funding for this type of study;  
 

     I mean, don't you think it is crazy that a bunch of Arabic men from the Middle East got together, took flight training in the United States, and flew one jumbo jet passenger aircraft into the 1 World Trade Center building, and then flew the 2nd jumbo jet passenger aircraft into the 2 World Trade Center building, and then flew a 3rd jumbo jet passenger aircraft into the Pentagon, and then few a 4th jumbo jet passenger aircraft to an unnamed destination, because  "The fourth hijacked plane, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed down in a field in rural Pennsylvania, never reaching its intended target because its crew and passengers fought back against the terrorists." - bing.com; and on that same September day in the year of our Lord 2001, 7 World Trade Center building simply turn into a pile of rubble; did you know that?; that was not reported in the main stream news output (outlet)?; gosh darn it, damn Lucifer, Jesus Christ, may the good Lord strike me dead with her lighting bolt; they must have missed that, right? ; I mean, what's the big deal about 7 World Trade Center building turning into a pile of rubble when 1 World Trade Center building and 2 World Trade Center building turn into rubble; I mean the jumbo jet passenger aircraft can not turn steel reinforced concrete buildings into two piles of rubble; no, they can not; yet, it happened anyway; I'll be a monkey's uncle; that is crazy, right? ; that is a crazy world that we are living in, right? ; doesn't it feels like, it is more like a movie production than real life; I mean come on; this is not The Matrix; why would a bunch of sane and rational or irrational Middle Eastern chicken-eating Arabs do this? ; what is their beef? ; really, I want to know; why are you guys doing this? ; 

      it would be just as crazy if the political leadership of a country would go through the decision-making process and planning to setup a bunch [of] Islamic Arabic men (patsy) to fly four jumbo jet passengers aircrafts into two buildings, the pentagon, and an empty field, so that the Western power like the U.S. can invade a foreign land and gain an undisputed control over the 2nd largest known and proven oil & gas reserve on the planet, right?; yeah, that would be crazy, right?; I mean it would stretched the imagination, right, to imagine aircraft being used as attack vectors; unless, you were a 2nd world war veterans, serving in the Pacific theatre on one of those boats that got Kamikaze by suicide flying Japanese Zero aircraft in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign; yeah, no one would or could imagine such an event; world war II is such a long time ago; hindsight is 20/20; 

   ____________________________________
Ed Catmull with Amy Wallace, creativity, inc., 2014                         [ ]

p.177
   The problem is, the phrase is dead wrong. Hindsight is not 20-20. Not even close. Our view of the past, in fact, is hardly clearer than our view of the future. While we know more about a past event than a future one, our understanding of the factors that shaped it is severely limited. Not only that, because we THINK we see what happened clearly--hindsight being 20-20 and all--we often aren't open to knowing more.  ...[...]...  The past should be our teacher, not our master.

p.178
We build our story--our model of the past--as best we can. We may seek our other people's memories and examine our own limited records to come up with a better model. Even then, it is still only a model--not reality.

    (creativity, inc. : overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration / Ed Catmull with Amy Wallace., 1. creativity ability in business2. corporate culture, 3. organizational effectiveness, 4. pixar (firm), © 2014 by Edwin Catmull, 658.4071 Catmull, p.177, p.178)
   ____________________________________
     I mean even in [the] wildest imagination, when the Wright brothers first successfully flew that heavier than air flying machine in hope of a world peace and to prevent any future war from happening, because no sane military command would go to war without the element of surprise, and having a flying machine would make it nearly impossible to move or mobilized any army of reasonable size to start a war [without being detected], the Wright brothers was hoping to end all form of future wars; and would they have imagine if they could that their very invention of a flying machine that is heavier than air would lead to all these crazy events; mutatis mutandis (the necessary changes in details, such as names and places, will be made but everything else will remain the same.), who could have imagine, when in France 1769, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804) built the first working prototype of a Steam-driven self-propelled carriage, then later, in Scotland 1832-1839, Robert Anderson built the Electric carriage, then in Germany 1885-86, Karl Friedrich Benz (1844-1929) built the first Automobile powered by the internal combusion engine, then about the same time also in Germany 1886, Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler (1834-1900) and Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) build the first Gasoline four wheel, four stroke engine, who could have imagine that these inventions and the Ford Model-T production system would one day lead to The Oklahoma City bombing on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, 200 N. 5th Street in Downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, on April 19, 1995; with the Goddesses as my witness, I would be surprise if the Wright Brothers, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, Robert Anderson, Karl Friedrich Benz, Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, or Henry Ford imagine any [of] the things that would transpire from their heavier than air flying machine and, self-propelled horseless carriage; sorry, I didn't mean to drift off course that far; my compass or North Star went screwy for a bit; back to my ... whatever ...   

 

     because let us supposed that a human mother is a business, or, an industry, like the financial industry, so we are saying that abortion is legal; to make the analogy appropriate, we would say, that making money is legal, having profit is legal, return on investment is legal, the gigantical enormously unequal distribution of income - compensation - between personnels at the top of the organization and the bottom of the organization is legal, so on and so forth; 

     as a side note to the side note, do you know the test for personhood?; have you ever hold open the door for someone who is carrying a lot packages, pushing a baby carriage, or an elderly person?; can you open such a door for a corporation? ; if you can, then a corporation has a personhood, if you can not, then a corporation is a corporation; credit to the writers of Newsroom (American TV series);  see quick citation to follow, or you can skip it;  
       4:49
      Olivia Munn in 'Newsroom' ; Season 1 , Ep. 2
     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6ycC_LAl1c
     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6ycC_LAl1c
    https://youtu.be/j6ycC_LAl1c?t=20
    https://youtu.be/j6ycC_LAl1c?t=20
   pesman5
   Published on Jul 4, 2012
  “what's the difference between a corporation and a person? 
   Have you ever held the door open for someone?  Yes. 
   Did you ask them for money first?  No. 
   That's the difference.”  
     abortion is legal, analogically, all these other business practices are legal; okay; now, we are going put on some restriction on abortion; analogically, we are going to place some restrictions in business practices; and as part of that restriction, we will take away some beneficial tax loopholes that is currently in practice in many financial businesses, as one example; so just to be clear, there is some beneficial tax loopholes, and those beneficial tax loopholes that was once legal, is now, restricted, just like abortion is restricted, analogically; as part of that restriction on business practices, we will tax or, impose a fee on certain type of day-to-day transaction in business operation, as another example; by the way, this is no different (difference) from the different taxes or fees you pay every time you filled up your car - transport - with gasoline; you know right, that the price of gasoline that you pay at the pump is not the actual production cost of gasoline; a good portion of it (the price) is added on in taxes and fees; never mind the pollution, CO2, greenhouse gas, and all those other externalities for the moment; so in the same way taxes and fees are added to the price of gasoline, taxes and fees MUST be added to the day-to-day transaction in the operation of the financial industry; clearly, the financial corporations can afford to pay this modest fees; [did not the Fed, the Treasury Department, and the US Congress recently bailout the financial industry in 2008 from a difficult jamm?; unfortunately, there was no string  attached to that give away; no string at all; the civil servants running the government and the people who are elected to make decision about the country debt burden need to moderate the deficits; the financial industry should NOT oppose this modest fee, and hinder its passage]; let me say, this modest proposal would not in anyway disadvantaged American financial industry on the Global stage; as a matter-of-fact, it might encourage other country (nations) to do the same; after all, it is not like they are mothers or farmers;  
     just like the way abortion is restriction (restricted) by the law in some of the States; that is it; sorry for the abrupt ending; I have no idea why I type all that; beyond the fact that it is an interesting thought experiment and, that the thought experiment is much much better communicated by way of the written language communication than say, the rhetorical oral communication; I think it is better; I am not so sure now;
     if you are still there, I give thanks to you;
     Namaste _/|\_ I bow in reverence, in honor, and submission to that secret and sacred place (ば)(バ(ba)) within you where the Universe resides and, when you are in that place (ば)(バ(ba)) within you and, I am in that place within me, then There is ONE ... 

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Michael Pillsbury, The hundred-year marathon : China's secret strategy to replace America as the global superpower, 2015

p.134
The fictional year was 2030, and the officer who spoke for the secretary of defense was on a team playing a war game at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.  For more than seven decades [70 years], many similar strategy games had been conducted in this room.  Some concerned peacetime competitions testing diplomatic prowness.  Others simulated military invasions, naval blockades, and war on a global scale.  It was in this room, now ...., that the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was first foretold ── and then ignored.

   (Michael Pillsbury, The hundred-year marathon, The hundred-year marathon : China's secret strategy to replace America as the global superpower / Michael Pillsbury., 1. strategic planning ── china., 2. china ── history. 3. national security ── china., 4. china ── politics and government., 5. china ── foreign relations., 6. united states ── foreign relations ── china., 7. china ── foreign relations ── united states., JZ134.P55  2014, 327.1'12095──dc23, 2015, )
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https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/11/u-s-in-world-war-ii-how-the-navy-broke-japanese-codes-before-midway.html

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 okay, I am going to add the following to see if by mentioning that there are currently five living former POTUS: Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump, the all reading, interpreting, and seeing machine algorithm would flag this post.  

     You might ask, what about Joe Biden.  

     That's a very [good] question.  I am delighted that you ask the question.
     Joe Biden is The POTUS, not former POTUS.  

     Joe Biden has an unusual qualification of being a former VPOTUS, before becoming The POTUS.
 

That's all folks.